Additional data added showing level 2 attainment in English and maths by prior attainment.
Institution type breakdowns have been revised following improvements in the classification of 'other' types.
Updated dashboard link.
This release covers attainment at Level 2 (5 GCSEs 9-4 or equivalent) and Level 3 (2 A levels or equivalent) of young people at ages 16 to 25 in England. Attainment by age 19 is the focus of much of the commentary as this is the age most young people have achieved these levels. This release differs from other post 16 attainment releases i.e. GCSE, A level as it follows the same young people across multiple ages, enabling users to see how young people build their attainment up to age 25.
Detail includes differences by characteristics, qualification types, institution types, local authority figures and a comparable time series back to 2004. Also included are figures on Level 2 attainment in English and maths up to age 19, allowing the impact of Condition of Funding changes for young people to be monitored, as introduced by the Education and Skills Funding Agency from 2014/15 onwards. Additional data has been included on post-16 maths attainment at level 3, including that from core maths.
The cancellation of summer 2020 and 2021 exams and the alternate method of awarding grades led to pupil attainment statistics unlike previous years (evident in our level 2 statistics at 16 and to a lesser degree, our level 3 statistics at 18). The increase in attainment at 16 will affect our statistics at age 19 in 2022/23 and 2023/24.
View tables that we have built for you, or create your own tables from open data using our table tool
Browse and download open data files from this release in our data catalogue
Learn more about the data files used in this release using our online guidance
Download all data available in this release as a compressed ZIP file
These National Statistics provide information at both national, local authority and local authority district level on the attainment of 19-year olds at the end of each academic year (e.g. 2021/22 refers to 31 August 2022). They are used to monitor trends in attainment over time and changes in attainment within different groups.
Time period in this data relates to the year in which the young person turned 19.
The figures are based on a matched administrative dataset produced by the Department for Education consisting of data from the Individualised Learner Record (ILR), key stage 4 and 5 awarding body results and the School Census.
The statistics are based on two cohorts as follows:
• An overall national cohort has a numerator based on all young people captured in the dataset (not just those in the state-sector in year 11), and has a denominator based on the whole school population (including state-funded maintained schools, independent schools, Alternative Provision (APs) and Pupil Referral Units (PRUs)), as recorded at academic age 14 i.e. year 10, or the penultimate year of secondary school.
• The state-funded cohort is based on pupils recorded in mainstream state-funded schools at academic age 15 i.e. year 11 or the final year of secondary school (the state-funded cohort also includes a small number of learners who attended non-maintained special schools). The state funded cohort includes breakdowns by various pupil characteristics (as recorded at academic age 15).
There are differences in the methodology in the attainment measures for the national and state-funded cohorts, which mean that they should not be directly compared.
In these statistics, the attainment of the following measures refers to the proportion of people who achieved them as at 31st August i.e. the end of the academic year (e.g. 2021/22 refers to 31st August 2022):
• Level 2 is 5 (or more) GCSEs at grades 9-4/A*-C or equivalent e.g. Level 2 vocational qualification
• Level 3 is 2 (or more) A levels or equivalent e.g. Level 3 vocational qualification
• Level 2 in English and maths is GCSEs at grades 9-4/A*-C in those subjects or equivalent qualifications.
• Progression in English and maths is those people who did not achieve level 2 in English and/or maths at 16 but had achieved both at 19.
Given the circumstances in which grades were awarded in 2020 and 2021 and the delays to examinations due to the Covid-19 pandemic, caution should be taken in comparing 19/20 and 20/21 data to other years.
For further background information on these statistics, including on the data sources, qualifications and the methodology, please see the accompanying methodology. Underlying data is also published alongside this release.
Feedback
We would welcome feedback on any aspect of this publication at: Post16.STATISTICS@education.gov.uk
In addition to the analysis presented in this release, a number of supplementary tables for easy reference are also available here:
Time period in this data relates to the year in which the young person turned 19.
Explore the data further and build your own tables with our online table tool builder from the “Download data and files” section above.
Data in this section is based on the number of pupils recorded in schools (including state-funded maintained schools, independent schools, Alternative Provision (APs) and Pupil Referral Units (PRUs)) at academic age 14. Source: School pupils and their characteristics
Level 2 attainment by 19
Most young people who achieve Level 2 do so at age 16, therefore our Level 2 by 19 figures do not yet fully reflect the increase seen in the proportion achieving Level 2 as a result of calculated/teacher assessed grades during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019/20 and 2020/21.
This is because the age 19 cohort in 2021/22 were age 16 in 2018/19, prior to any examination/assessment changes. However, post-16 achievements at level 2 have been impacted by the changes to examinations.
As shown in table 1:
Level 2 by 19 by qualification type
Some vocational Level 2 qualifications no longer count in Key stage 4 performance measures following reforms introduced further to Professor Alison Wolf’s review (opens in a new tab). This has significantly reduced the offering and take-up of these larger vocational qualifications at Key stage 4 and primarily affects lower attaining students studying ‘equivalent’ qualifications.
Figure 3 shows that since 2014/15, when these changes came into effect, attainment of Level 2 by vocational qualifications at 16 has led to a decrease in overall Level 2 attainment by 19.
However, the fall in proportion achieving Level 2 at 16 through vocational qualifications, has been partially offset by an increase in GCSEs. It is probable that some of the pupils who would otherwise have achieved Level 2 via vocational qualifications are instead achieving Level 2 via GCSEs.
Level 3 attainment by 19
Most young people who achieve Level 3 do so at age 18, therefore our latest Level 3 by 19 figures reflect the increase seen in the proportion achieving Level 3 as a result of calculated/teacher assessed grades in 2019/20 and 2020/21 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
As shown in table 2, the proportion of 19 year olds in 2021/22 who had achieved Level 3 is the highest on record at 62.9%. The increases in Level 3 attainment since 2018/19 are likely, at least in part, due to the changes to examinations caused by the Covid-19 pandemic.
Level 3 attainment by 19 by qualification type
In 2021/22, the 0.4ppt increase in Level 3 attainment has been driven mainly by an increase in vocational qualifications, continuing a long term trend.
T levels were introduced in September 2020 and typically take 2 years to achieve hence only 0.02% of 19 year olds in 2021/22 had achieved level 3 through this route.
This section reports on the attainment of 19-year olds who were recorded in the mainstream state sector in year 11 (i.e. the final year of secondary school) and their associated characteristics at that time.
The proportion achieving Level 2 and 3 overall in this section differs to the headlines as it does not include those in independent schools, meaning they should not be directly compared – see coverage section in the Methodology for further details.
Level 2 attainment by 19 by pupil characteristics
Most young people who achieve Level 2 do so at age 16, therefore our Level 2 by 19 figures do not yet fully reflect the increase seen in the proportion achieving Level 2 as a result of calculated/teacher assessed grades during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019/20 and 2020/21.
This is because the age 19 cohort in 2021/22 were age 16 in 2018/19, prior to any examination/assessment changes. However, post-16 achievements at level 2 have been impacted by the changes to examinations.
Looking at Level 2 attainment by 19 by pupil characteristics (as recorded in year 11), as shown in figure 5:
Overall, 81.7% of 19 year olds had achieved level 2 in 2021/22. This is compared with:
Attainment gaps refer to the difference in attainment between one characteristic group and another.
Level 2 attainment by 19 by ethnicity
There are notable differences in Level 2 attainment by 19 by ethnicity. Attainment has consistently been the highest for the Asian ethnic group throughout the decade and consistently been the lowest for white ethnicities as shown in figure 6.
In the latest year:
Level 2 attainment by 19 by FSM status, ethnicity and gender
From figure 7:
Level 3 attainment by 19 by pupil characteristics
Most young people who achieve Level 3 do so at age 18, therefore our latest Level 3 by age 19 figures reflect the increase seen in the proportion achieving Level 3 as a result of calculated/teacher assessed grades in 2019/20 and 2020/21 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Looking at Level 3 attainment by 19 by pupil characteristics (as recorded in year 11)
Overall, 60.7% achieved level 3 by age 19 in 2021/22. This is compared with:
Attainment gaps refer to the difference in attainment between one characteristic group and another. Attainment gaps have remained stable over the last two years. However:
Level 3 attainment by 19 by ethnicity
There are notable differences in level 3 attainment by 19 by ethnicity. Attainment has consistently been the highest for the Asian ethnic group throughout the decade and consistently been the lowest for the white ethnic group as shown in figure 9 below.
In the latest year:
This section reports on the attainment of 19-year olds who were recorded in the mainstream state sector in year 11 (i.e. the final year of secondary school) and their associated characteristics at that time.
The proportion achieving Level 2 and 3 overall in this section differs to the headlines as it does not include those in independent schools, meaning they should not be directly compared – see coverage section in the Methodology for further details.
Level 2 in English and maths
Level 2 English attainment in this release is defined as those achieving a level 2 English language qualification. English literature alone is not counted in this measure.
Most young people who achieve Level 2 do so at age 16, therefore our Level 2 by 19 figures do not yet fully reflect the increase seen in the proportion achieving Level 2 as a result of calculated/teacher assessed grades during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019/20 and 2020/21.
This is because the age 19 cohort in 2021/22 were age 16 in 2018/19, prior to any examination/assessment changes. However, post-16 achievements at level 2 have been impacted by the changes to examinations.
The progression in Level 2 English and maths measure shows the proportion of students who had not achieved Level 2 in English and/or maths at 16 but had achieved both at 19.
These figures allow us to measure the impact of Condition of Funding changes from 2014/15 onwards. Following these changes, most students continue to study English and/or maths at level 2 as part of their programmes between the ages of 16 and 19 if they are yet to achieve qualifications at this level. The exact qualifications that students are required to do depends on their personal circumstances. Further information is listed on 16 to 19 funding: maths and English condition of funding - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk) (opens in a new tab)
Despite the improvements made, it means that in 2021/22:
With the exception of 2019/20, progression in Level 2 English and maths has been rising each year since it became mandatory in 2014/15 for those who had not achieved to continue to study these subjects.
Figure 11 shows the attainment of Level 2 in English and maths by age 16 and post-16 up to age 19.
Figure 11a shows the proportion of young people who achieved level 2 in English and maths post-16 by their prior attainment.
English
As seen above, 40% achieved English (language) post-16, however this varies notably by prior attainment with:
Maths
As seen above, 35% achieved maths post-16, however this varies notably by prior attainment with:
Prior attainment is primarily determined by GCSE grade achieved in year 11.
This section reports on the attainment of 19-year olds who were recorded in the mainstream state sector in year 11 (i.e. the final year of secondary school) and their associated characteristics at that time.
The proportion achieving Level 3 in this section differs to the headlines as it does not include those in independent schools, meaning they should not be directly compared – see coverage section in the Methodology for further details.
Level 3 in maths
Most young people who achieve Level 3 do so at age 18, therefore our latest Level 3 by 19 figures reflect the increase seen in the proportion achieving Level 3 as a result of calculated/teacher assessed grades in 2019/20 and 2020/21 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
From figure 12:
Figure 13 shows the attainment of Level 3 maths by age 19.
In the latest year:
This section reports on the attainment of 19-year olds who were recorded in the mainstream state sector in year 11 (i.e. the final year of secondary school) and their associated characteristics at that time.
The proportion achieving Level 2 and 3 overall in this section differs to the headlines as it does not include those in independent schools, meaning they should not be directly compared – see coverage section in the Methodology for further details.
Given the circumstances in which grades were awarded in 2020 and 2021, caution should be taken in comparing 19/20 and 202/21 data to previous years
Level 2 and 3 attainment by 19 by local authority area
The map in figure 14 shows level 2 and 3 attainment by age 19 in 2021/22. Hovering over a local authority will show more information about that area. The darkest areas show higher attainment while lightest colours show lower attainment.
Comparable figures for England show that 81.7% achieved level 2 by age 19 in 2021/22 and 60.7% had achieved level 3. Looking at variability by local authority for the same group :
Local authority district data (including Opportunity Areas) is also available in the data and files section of the release. This includes further breakdowns by age, English & maths, FSM status and disadvantaged status. Further details about the local authority district data can be found in the methodology.
Data in this section is based on the number of pupils recorded in schools (including state-funded maintained schools, independent schools, Alternative Provision (APs) and Pupil Referral Units (PRUs)) at academic age 14. Source: School pupils and their characteristics
Level 2 attainment by age 25
Level 3 attainment by age 25
Our underlying data files contain more data than are presented in the sections above. You can make your own tables online in the ‘Explore data and files’ section at the top of this page. Alternatively, you can download the data as csv files using the same link. Here is a summary of what is included:
Level 2 | Age 16 | Age 17 | Age 18 | Age 19 | Progression from 16 to 19 | Ages 20-25 | |
National figures (A & B) | Headline figures | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Qualification type | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| Institution type | ✓ | ||||||
State-funded figures (to enable characteristic breakdowns not available for those in independent schools) (C) | Headline figures | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Gender | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Disadvantaged status | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| FSM | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| IDACI (Income Deprivation Affecting Children Index) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| SEN | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Ethnicity | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Ethnicity & FSM status | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Ethnicity, FSM status & gender | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
Local Authority (LA): State-funded (to enable geographic and characteristic breakdowns not available for those in independent schools) (D) | Local authority | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Local authority & gender | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Local authority & FSM status | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Local authority & SEN | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
Local Authority District (LAD): State-funded (to enable geographic and characteristic breakdowns not available for those in independent schools) (E) | Local authority district | ✓ | |||||
| Local authority district & disadvantaged status | ✓ | ||||||
| Local authority district & FSM status | ✓ | ||||||
Level 3 | Age 16 | Age 17 | Age 18 | Age 19 | Progression from 16 to 19 | Ages 20-25 | |
National figures (A & B) | Headline figures | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Qualification type | ✓ | ||||||
| Institution type | ✓ | ||||||
State-funded figures (to enable characteristic breakdowns not available for those in independent schools) (C) | Headline figures | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Gender | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Disadvantaged status | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| FSM | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| IDACI (Income Deprivation Affecting Children Index) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| SEN | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Ethnicity | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Ethnicity & FSM status | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Ethnicity, FSM status & gender | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
Local Authority: State-funded (to enable geographic and characteristic breakdowns not available for those in independent schools) (D) | Local authority | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Local authority and gender | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| Local authority & FSM status | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| Local authority & SEN | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
Local Authority District: State-funded (to enable geographic and characteristic breakdowns not available for those in independent schools) (E) | Local authority district | ✓ | |||||
| Local authority district & disadvantaged status | ✓ | ||||||
| Local authority district & FSM status | ✓ | ||||||
| Local authority district & qualification type | ✓ | ||||||
Level 2 English & maths | Age 16 | Age 17 | Age 18 | Age 19 | Progression from 16 to 19 | Ages 20-25 | |
State-funded figures (to enable characteristic breakdowns not available for those in independent schools) (C) | Headline figures | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Gender | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Disadvantaged status | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
| FSM | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
| IDACI (Income Deprivation Affecting Children Index) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
| SEN | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Ethnicity | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Ethnicity & FSM status | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Ethnicity, FSM status & gender | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
Local Authority: State-funded (to enable geographic and characteristic breakdowns not available for those in independent schools) (D) | Local authority | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| Local authority and gender | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
| Local authority & FSM status | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
| Local authority & SEN | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
Local Authority District: State-funded (to enable geographic and characteristic breakdowns not available for those in independent schools) (E) | Local authority district | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Local authority district & disadvantaged status | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| Local authority district & FSM status | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
Level 3 maths | Age 16 | Age 17 | Age 18 | Age 19 | Progression from 16 to 19 | Ages 20-25 | |
State-funded figures (to enable characteristic breakdowns not available for those in independent schools) (C) | Headline figures | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Gender | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Disadvantaged status | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| FSM | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| IDACI (Income Deprivation Affecting Children Index) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| SEN | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Ethnicity | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Ethnicity & FSM status | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Ethnicity, FSM status & gender | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
Local Authority: State-funded (to enable geographic and characteristic breakdowns not available for those in independent schools) (D) | Local authority | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Local authority and gender | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| Local authority & FSM status | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| Local authority & SEN | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the summer exam series for the 2019/20 and 2020/21 academic years were cancelled (opens in a new tab).
Instead, for 2020/21, pupils were only assessed on the content they had been taught for each course. Schools were given flexibility to decide how to assess their pupils’ performance, for example, through mock exams, class tests, and non-exam assessment already completed. GCSE grades were then determined by teachers based on the range of evidence available and they are referred to as teacher-assessed grades.
This is a different process to that of 2019/20 when pupils were awarded either a centre assessment grade (based on what the school or college believed the pupil would most likely have achieved had exams gone ahead) or their calculated grade using a model developed by Ofqual - whichever was the higher of the two.
For other non-academic qualifications, awarding organisations were permitted to adapt qualifications and assessments, or to issue results using alternative arrangements, for example, based on teacher-assessed grades.
The cancellation of summer 2020 and 2021 exams and the alternate method of awarding grades led to a set of pupil attainment statistics unlike previous years.
Most young people who achieve Level 2 do so at age 16, therefore our Level 2 by 19 figures in recent years do not yet reflect the increase seen in the proportion achieving Level 2 as a result of calculated/teacher assessed grades. We have to wait until the affected cohorts are 19 to see the true effect of the exam cancellations.
Those 16 in 2021/22 are the first cohort returning to normal examinations after the Covid-19.
Level 2 attainment at 16 by pupil characteristics
Additional analysis on impact of COVID-19: Level 2 attainment at 16 by ethnicity
Figure 2 shows, that at age 16, the black ethnic group as a whole had the lowest attainment at level 2 before Covid-19. However, this group has seen the largest percentage point increase since, which has brought the black ethnic group in line with the average attainment level.
Attainment across all groups has decreased following the reintroduction of normal exams post Covid-19.
Find out how and why we collect, process and publish these statistics.
These accredited official statistics have been independently reviewed by the Office for Statistics Regulation (OSR). They comply with the standards of trustworthiness, quality and value in the Code of Practice for Statistics. Accredited official statistics are called National Statistics in the Statistics and Registration Service Act 2007.
Accreditation signifies their compliance with the authority's Code of Practice for Statistics which broadly means these statistics are:
Our statistical practice is regulated by the Office for Statistics Regulation (OSR).
OSR sets the standards of trustworthiness, quality and value in the Code of Practice for Statistics that all producers of official statistics should adhere to.
You are welcome to contact us directly with any comments about how we meet these standards. Alternatively, you can contact OSR by emailing regulation@statistics.gov.uk or via the OSR website.
If you have a specific enquiry about Level 2 and 3 attainment age 16 to 25 statistics and data:
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