Methodology

NEET age 16 to 24: methodology

Published

Introduction

This document provides background information on the Department for Education’s (DfE) NEET age 16 to 24 statistics (previously named NEET statistics annual brief). It explains concepts used in this publication and the method used to calculate estimates. It provides an overview of the data sources and other relevant information.

Coverage

The data used in this publication covers young people who reside in England, and is based on the academic age as of 31st August. The publication’s underlying data contains data for the summary age groups 16-17, 16-18, 16-24, 18-24 and 19-24. It also includes sex and labour market status for the overall 16-24 age group. For 2022 estimates and earlier,  individual age data, regional breakdowns and labour market status for all age groups was also included in the underlying data. These estimates have not been included for 2023 due to concerns with sample sizes in the Labour Force Survey (LFS). 

As a result of user feedback and internal review, from March 2018 DfE changed the periodicity of the England NEET age 16 to 24 publication to an annual release to be published in February/March each year following the release of final quarter LFS data, relating to the October to December quarter. 

Quarterly NEET estimates for the UK (opens in a new tab) are published by the Office for National Statistics. They differ to the figures in the DfE NEET age 16 to 24 as they are for the whole of the UK, are based on calendar age and are seasonally adjusted.

Data sources

Labour Force Survey

The Labour Force Survey (LFS) is a survey of households living at private addresses in the UK. Its purpose is to provide information on the UK labour market which can then be used to develop, manage, evaluate and report on labour market policies. In England, the survey is managed by the Social Surveys division of the Office for National Statistics (ONS).

Not in education, employment or training (NEET) and not in education or training (NET) estimates are calculated using a harmonised methodology agreed between ONS, the Department for Education (DfE), the old Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (BIS) and the Department for Work and Pensions (DWP).

NEET estimates are calculated by first deriving a variable to distinguish those in education or training (ET) from those not in education or training (NET). Then by cross tabulating the derived ET/NET variable by economic status (in employment, unemployed or economically inactive) and also by age and gender, a NEET estimate can be calculated. A small number of ‘missing’ cases are split in line with the responses given by young people of the same age, gender and economic activity.

Full details about the Harmonised NEET Methodology are published in the technical specification: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/201110/Technical_Note_for_ONS_harmonised_measure_of_NEET_Final.pdf (opens in a new tab)

The series provides quarterly estimates of NEET and NET amongst young people from the LFS and the results are not directly comparable with DfE’s definitive measure found in the Participation in education and training national statistics release (more information on this below).

The estimates provide data on the trends in NEET and NET for young people aged 16-24 compared to the Participation in education and training statistical release which just covers those aged 16-18. The latter release should be used for the department’s definitive estimates for the 16-18 age group, further detail on this release is given below. 

Trends in NEET and NET from the quarterly LFS data should be assessed by comparing the current time period with the same time period in the previous year, to account for seasonal effects. For example, October-December figures should not be compared with January-March figures.  In addition the NET series should be used as context for any NEET data.

More information about the LFS in general can be found in the ONS user guide (opens in a new tab).

Annual Population Survey

The Annual Population Survey (APS) is a continuous household survey, covering the UK comprising 12 months of survey data. 

The APS is not a stand-alone survey; it uses data combined from 2 waves of the main Labour Force Survey (LFS), collected on a local sample boost. Due to boosted sample sizes, the APS allows more robust analysis of sub groups such as by characteristics or lower level geography.

Further information on the APS can be found here: 

https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/methodologies/annualpopulationsurveyapsqmi (opens in a new tab)

Participation in education, employment or training national statistics release 

The Participation in education, employment or training national statistics (opens in a new tab) release contains definitive estimates for the number and proportion of 16 to 18 year olds participating in education, training and employment and of those NEET in England. The estimates relate to a snapshot of activities at the end of the calendar year.

Information is drawn together from various post-16 data sources to give a coherent and comprehensive picture of participation, including schools, further education, work-based learning and higher education. 

The primary sources for participation and NEET estimates are:

The Schools' Census 

Pupil Level Annual Schools’ Census

The Individualised Learner Record (ILR)

Higher Education Statistics Agency (HESA) 

Higher Education Students Early Statistics (HESES) 

Labour Force Survey 

Mid-year estimates and projections of population from the Office for National Statistics (ONS)

The key analyses are by age, gender, type of learning, institution type, labour market status and highest qualification being studied. 

These are the Department for Education’s definitive measures of participation for 16 to 18 year olds, and sets recent changes in the context of historical trends. These measures are used to monitor progress against the Department’s objectives of raising participation and reducing the number of young people NEET (not in education, employment or training).

For further information please see the methodology document alongside the latest Participation in Education, Training and Employment by 16-18 year olds in England statistical release.

Other published sources

Client Caseload Information System (CCIS) Regional NEET

The CCIS figures are an estimate of the number and proportion of 16 and 17 year olds who are NEET in each local authority in England. 

The estimates relate to a 3 month average snapshot estimate of the regional NEET rate taken from the Local Authority CCIS data. 

These estimates are not directly comparable to the LFS or Participation statistics release. The estimates depend on the quality of each local authority’s data collection. The data only includes young people who are known to their local authority (usually those who were educated in government-funded schools).

Estimates of NEET in the CCIS data are reported alongside proportions whose current activity is not known to incentivise local authorities to ensure all their young people are tracked.

For more information go to the NEET data by local authority webpage:

https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/neet-and-participation-local-authority-figures (opens in a new tab)

End of EU exit transition period

As the UK enters into a new Trade and Co-operation Agreement with the EU, it is important that our statistics continue to be of high quality and are internationally comparable. We will continue to produce these statistics in line with the UK Statistics Authority's Code of Practice for Statistics and in accordance with ILO definitions and agreed international statistical guidance.

Definitions

A person is considered to be in education or training if any of the following apply

Enrolled on an education course and are still attending or waiting for term to (re)start

Doing an apprenticeship

On a government supported employment or training programme

Working or studying towards a qualification, or

Had job-related training or education in the last 4 weeks

In employment*All people in some form of paid work, including those working part-time
Unemployed*People who have been looking for work in the past 4 weeks and who are available to start work within the next 2 weeks
Economically inactive*

People who have not been looking for work and/or who are not available to start work. 

This includes those not looking for work because they are students and those who are looking after dependants at home

NEET

Anybody who is not in any of the forms of education or training listed above and who is not in employment is considered to be NEET. 

As a result, a person identified as NEET will always be either unemployed or economically inactive.

*The definitions of labour market status are based on those recommended by the International Labour Organisation (ILO).

The NEET age 16 to 24 release includes a time series on the economic activity of those NEET using variable ILODEFR - Basic economic activity (ILO definition): 

(1) In employment

(2) ILO unemployed

(3) Inactive

(4) Under 16

The variable INECAC05 is used to classify those whose economic activity was reported as ‘Inactive’ in ILODEFR. The following table shows classification of those inactive:

Inactive: looking after family/home'Inactive: long-term or temporarily sickInactive: other reason
7 Inactive - seeking, unavailable, looking after family, home8 Inactive - seeking, unavailable, temporarily sick or injured6 Inactive - seeking, unavailable, student
14 Inactive - not seeking, would like work, looking after family, home9 Inactive - seeking, unavailable, long-term sick or disabled10 Inactive - seeking, unavailable, other reason
25 Inactive - not seeking, not like work, looking after family, home15 Inactive - not seeking, would like work, temporarily sick or injured11 Inactive - seeking, unavailable, no reason given
16 Inactive - not seeking, would like work, long term sick or disabled12 Inactive - not seeking, would like work, waiting results of job application
26 Inactive - not seeking, not like work, temporarily sick or injured13 Inactive - not seeking, would like work, student
27 Inactive - not seeking, not like work, long term sick or disabled17 Inactive - not seeking, would like work, believes no jobs available
18 Inactive - not seeking, would like work, not yet started looking
19 Inactive - not seeking, would like work, does not need or want employment
20 Inactive - not seeking, would like work, retired from paid work
21 Inactive - not seeking, would like work, other reason
22 Inactive - not seeking, would like work, no reason given
23 Inactive - not seeking, not like work, waiting results of job application
24 Inactive - not seeking, not like work, student
28 Inactive - not seeking, not like work, believes no jobs available
29 Inactive - not seeking, not like work, not yet started looking
30 Inactive - not seeking, not like work, does not need or want employment
31 Inactive - not seeking, not like work, retired from paid work
32 Inactive - not seeking, not like work, other reason
33 Inactive - not seeking, not like work, no reason given

The APS person data from 2012 has been used to look at the health conditions of 16-24 year olds NEET. As explained in the data sources section, the APS has been used as boosted sample sizes allow more robust analysis of sub groups.

The variable ‘HEALTH20 - Main health problem[1]’ has been used and categorised in line with ONS Nomis[2] health conditions as below:

NOMIS categoryAPSP ‘HEALTH20’ variable
Problems or disabilities connected with arms, legs, hands, feet, back or neck

(01) Problems or disabilities (including arthritis or rheumatism) connected 

with... arms or hands

(02) ....legs or feet

(03) ....back or neck

Difficulty in seeing or hearing

(04) Difficulty in seeing (while wearing spectacles or contact lenses)

(05) Difficulty in hearing

(06) A speech impediment

Blood or circulatory problems, stomach, liver, kidney or digestive problems, diabetes

(09) Heart, blood pressure or blood circulation problems

(10) Stomach, liver kidney or digestive problems

(11) Diabetes

Depression, mental problems and nervous disorders

(12) Depression, bad nerves or anxiety

(15) Mental illness, or suffer from phobia, panics or other

Skin conditions, epilepsy, other progressive illnesses & other health problems

(07) Severe disfigurement, skin conditions, allergies

(08) Chest or breathing problems, asthma, bronchitis

(13) Epilepsy

(16) Progressive illness not included elsewhere (e.g. cancer, multiple 

sclerosis, symptomatic HIV, Parkinson’s disease, muscular dystrophy)

(17) Other health problems or disabilities

Learning difficulties, Autism

(14) Severe or specific learning difficulties (mental handicap)

(18) Autism (including Autism Spectrum Condition, Asperger syndrome) [3]

[1] HEALTH20 is the main health condition reported from the HEAL question. The HEAL question is only asked for those who responded 'Yes' to LNGLST:  'Do you have any physical or mental health conditions or illnesses lasting or expecting to last 12 months or more?'

[2] Nomis is a service provided by the Office for National Statistics, ONS, to give free access to the most detailed and up-to-date UK labour market statistics from official sources. (https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/ (opens in a new tab))

[3] The “Autism (including Autism Spectrum Condition, Asperger syndrome)” category was introduced to the APS in January 2020 as part of the HEALTH20 variable replacing HEALTH. As a result, in 2020, a bridging variable was created to produce aggregate responses for the whole year. We do not know which category individuals with these conditions would have reported as under the HEALTH variable or what impact the introduction of this category has had on responses. In 2020 there were 66,000 individuals (5% of those with a health condition) that reported in the Autism category, which we have included in the broader category “Learning difficulties, Autism”. Prior to 2020 this category named “Learning difficulties” which respondents with Autism may or may not have reported as depending on their interpretation of their health condition.

Time series comparability

The first LFS in the UK was conducted in 1973 and the survey was carried out every two years in the spring quarter (March-May) until 1983. Between 1984 and 1991 the survey was carried out annually and consisted of two elements: a quarterly survey of approximately 15,000 private households, conducted in Great Britain throughout the year and a "boost" survey in the spring quarter between March and May, of over 44,000 private households in Great Britain and 5,200 households in Northern Ireland. In 1992 the sample in Great Britain was increased to cover 60,000 households every quarter enabling quarterly publication of LFS estimates.

Prior to spring 2000, the ’QULNOW’ variable (currently working/study towards qualification indicator), was not fully populated. A comparable time series is therefore only available from Q2 2000. However, it should be noted that due to changes in the LFS questionnaire over time, different versions of syntax are required to create this comparable time series.

Reweighting

Labour Force Survey (LFS) datasets are routinely reweighted in line with population estimates. In recent years there have been several reweighting exercises to address changes in international migration and impacts as a result of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic:  In July 2021, a new weighting variable was introduced, PWT20, to LFS datasets from January to March 2020, followed by PWT22 applied to LFS datasets from January to March 2020 in summer 2022. These reweighting exercises had minimal impact on NEET rates at ages 16 to 24.

2023 Reweighting and volatility of data

As a result of the lower sample sizes (see following section) and the limited reweighted LFS data available, the 2023 release for England does not include estimates for single ages nor breakdowns of labour market status for grouped ages other than the overall 16-24 age group.  Users should be mindful of the greater uncertainty in these estimates, and we would advise caution when interpreting short-term changes.

In 2023 a new weighted variable, PWT23, was introduced for data from July to September 2022 onwards, which incorporates latest estimates of the size and composition of the UK population. Due to time constraints, data prior to July 2022 has not been reweighted and therefore a discontinuity exists at this point. The following table shows the impact of reweighting on previously published key headlines for 2022. Although reweighting appears to have had minimal impact, comparison of rates to earlier years must be viewed with caution, due to the absence of reweighting, as well as increased sampling variability following the falling number of responses.

AgeNEET using PWT22(1)NEET using PWT23 (2)
Oct-Dec 2022 (%)Oct-Dec 2022 (%)
16-174.54.7
18-2414.514.6
16-2412.312.3
AgeNET using PWT22(1)NET using PWT23(2)
Oct-Dec 2022(%)Oct-Dec 2022(%)
16-176.36.5
18-2451.551.0
16-2441.541.0
AgeNET Employment rate using PWT22(1)NET Employment rate using PWT23(2)
Oct-Dec 2022(%)Oct-Dec 2022(%)
16-1728.727.7
18-2471.871.5
16-2470.369.9

(1) As published in NEET age 16 to 24: 2022

(2) As published in NEET age 16 to 24: 2023 

More information on the method for these weights can be found in the article below.

PWT23 reweighting: Impact of reweighting on Labour Force Survey key indicators - Office for National Statistics (ons.gov.uk) (opens in a new tab)

Details of historic reweighting and changes to the series can be found at the following links:

PWT20 reweighting: https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/methodologies/labourforcesurveyweightingmethodology (opens in a new tab)

PWT22 reweighting: Impact of reweighting on Labour Force Survey key indicators - Office for National Statistics (ons.gov.uk) (opens in a new tab)

PWT18 reweighting: the PWT18 weighting variable was introduced in February 2019 to LFS datasets from July - September 2011 onwards. More information about the impact of the reweighting on the NEET and NET rates is available in an additional spreadsheet published alongside the 2018 annual brief. (opens in a new tab)

APS additional health categories

Prior to 2020 the APS did not include the category for “Autism including Autism Spectrum Condition, Asperger syndrome”. From the 2020 release onwards the “Reasons NEET” analysis has used this additional category to refine how we classify “mental health” from “other health condition”. This refinement has been applied to the data from previous years in the 2020 release and onwards.

Coronavirus and measuring the labour market

Because of COVID-19 and the suspension of face-to-face interviewing on 17 March 2020, the ONS had to make operational changes to the LFS, particularly in the way that they contact households for initial interview, which moved to a “by telephone” approach. These changes resulted in a response where certain characteristics have not been as well represented as previously. This is evidenced in a change in the balance of type of household that the ONS are reaching. In particular, the proportion of households where people own their homes in the sample has increased and rented accommodation households has decreased.

To mitigate the impact of this non-response bias, in October 2020 the ONS introduced housing tenure into the LFS weighting methodology for periods from January to March 2020 onwards. While not providing a perfect solution, this redressed some of the issues that had previously been noted in the survey results. More information can be found in Coronavirus and its impact on the Labour Force Survey (opens in a new tab) and in a blog (opens in a new tab). In accordance with this ONS advice, this publication has moved to using the new tenure weights for the headline labour market measures for periods from January to March 2020 onwards.

Sample sizes and variability

Sample sizes

Labour Force Survey (LFS) response rates have seen a decreasing trend in recent decades with particularly large falls in the last two years. In 2023 there was a sample of just 2,379 16-24 year olds.  The ongoing challenges with response rates means that LFS-based labour market statistics are now badged as official statistics in development (opens in a new tab) until further review.

As a result, additional caution should be taken when interpreting results and estimates should be considered alongside associated confidence intervals. However, if an annual change is stated as statistically significant we can remain confident that there has been a fall/rise in that measure.

There are numerous reasons for smaller sample sizes given by ONS which include:

  • the public's willingness to participate in government surveys and levels of trust in government
  • concerns over confidentiality
  • difficulty in gaining access to buildings or gated communities
  • general fatigue with calls and surveys
  • lack of time to spend responding to surveys
  • changes to household structures and people's living circumstances

More recently, since the onset of the pandemic in 2020, surveys like the LFS which are designed to be collected through face-to-face interviews have been seriously hampered. In addition recruitment of interviewers has also changed significantly since the pandemic. 

The LFS has been undergoing a transformation programme, with one key aim being to develop it as an online-first multi-mode survey, to ensure it is as easy as possible for respondents to engage. This would notably impact the age group 16-24 who would be most likely to respond online. The Transformed Labour Force Survey will become the primary source of information on the labour market from September 2024. 

Q4PopulationSample size% of population sampled
19925,822,35215,0220.26%
19935,633,15614,1200.25%
19945,449,80113,3540.25%
19955,343,92612,9070.24%
19965,246,42012,5600.24%
19975,170,81511,7890.23%
19985,116,18311,4640.22%
19995,115,86111,0250.22%
20005,120,45610,2400.20%
20015,276,12511,0160.21%
20025,390,45410,4330.19%
20035,501,86710,1840.19%
20045,626,97010,0380.18%
20055,696,8759,6560.17%
20065,801,8109,5260.16%
20075,890,7889,7570.17%
20085,944,3349,4690.16%
20095,956,8049,1020.15%
20106,000,0968,5560.14%
20116,049,2198,2890.14%
20126,002,1607,7250.13%
20136,001,9927,9090.13%
20146,024,6437,6400.13%
20155,981,4477,2220.12%
20165,926,4276,7480.11%
20175,838,8606,4630.11%
20185,762,4156,0180.10%
20195,690,7725,5220.10%
20205,728,3734,6160.08%
20215,665,3534,8240.09%
20225,890,5033,4170.06%
20235,988,0342,3790.04%

Sampling variability

Surveys, such as the LFS, provide estimates of population characteristics rather than exact measures. In principle, many random samples could be drawn and each would give different results, due to the fact that each sample would be made up of different people, who would give different answers to the questions asked. The spread of these results is the sampling variability, which generally reduces with increasing sample size. For example, with a 95% confidence interval, it is expected that in 95% of the survey samples, the resulting confidence interval will contain the true value that would be obtained by surveying the whole population. 

Confidence intervals based on simple random sampling are presented in this release to give an approximation of the sampling variability.

Statistical significance

If a comparison between two estimates is statistically significant, we can be 95% sure that the change reflects reality and is not a result of sampling variability.

Rounding

All numbers are unrounded in the underlying data files alongside this release. Percentages are presented to one decimal place and any annual changes in percentages are calculated on unrounded data.  

Underlying data provided alongside publications

The following underlying data files have been published alongside the NEET brief tables: 

File nameContent
NEET_and_NET_estimates_from_the_LFS

Quarterly time series from Q2 2000.

National NEET and NET estimates for 16-24 year olds in England broken down by (academic) age.

Sex breakdowns for all summary age groups. 

Labour market status estimates for the overall 16-24 age group. 

(Prior to 2023, individual age, regional and labour market status estimates for the summary age groups 16-24, 18-24 and 19-24 year olds were also included).

Corresponding 95% confidence intervals.

Estimates are all unrounded. 

NEET_Primary_health_condition_estimates_from_the_APS

Annual time series from 2012.

National NEET and NET estimates for 16-24 year olds broken down by health condition.

neet_and_net_other_sources_comparisonsSummary NEET estimates from the Department for Education's “NEET age 16 to 24” and "Participation in education and training and employment" annual release, the “National Client Caseload Information System” and the Office for National Statistic's quarterly “Young people not in education, employment or training (NEET)” release used to provide comparison between the different NEET measures. 

Please see accompanying underlying data metadata specification document for further information.

This data is released under the terms of the Open Government License and is intended to meet at least 3 stars for Open Data.

Uses of data

The main use of these statistics is to provide Ministers, government departments and the wider public a comprehensive picture of the latest trends in NET and NEET for ages 16-24 across the range of sources available.

Revisions

We do not plan to make any revisions to this publication. If we later discover that a revision is necessary, this will be made in accordance with our revisions policy. However, latest figures included in this release from the Participation in education and training accredited official statistics publication are provisional. When the figures are finalised for the previous year, these revisions will be reflected in future NEET age 16 to 24 releases. In addition, the LFS is periodically re-weighted, which affects historical estimates. When such re-weighting takes place, a revised historical series will be reflected in the next NEET age 16 to 24 release but previous editions will not be retrospectively revised. Hence, for the latest historical series only the most recent publication should be used. 

Publication timetable

DataPeriod CoveredPublished
NEET age 16 to 24Jan-Mar (Q1)Approximately 6 weeks after the Q4 reporting period
Apr-Jun (Q2)
Jul-Sep (Q3)
Oct-Dec (Q4)
16-18 Participation statistical releaseEnd of year snapshotFollowing June

Further information is available

Wales

The Welsh Assembly Government (WG) publishes an annual release which is produced in a similar way to DfE’s Participation release. The Participation of Young People in Education and the Labour Market is regarded as the definitive measure of NEET estimates in Wales. It covers academic age 16-18 and 19-24.

The WG also publishes NEET figures based on the Annual Population Survey (APS). It covers academic age 16-18 and 19-24.

Scotland 

The Scottish Government (SG) publishes an annual release based on the Annual Population Survey (APS) Labour Market Statistics for 16 to 24 year olds. This publication contains the latest estimates of employment, unemployment and economic inactivity for 16 to 24 year olds.

The SG also publishes Annual school leaver statistics which are used to give the proportion of young people in 'positive destinations'. These estimates include some young people in part-time education. The coverage is actual age 16-19.

ONS

ONS National Statistics: UK Labour Market, February 2024: Monthly UK Labour Force Survey (LFS) statistics for young people not in full-time education and not in employment.

Table AO6: Educational status and labour market status for people aged 16 to 24 (not seasonally adjusted). This table shows estimates for people in full-time education and people not in full-time education by labour market status, roughly equivalent to NEET (but some young people in part-time education are also included).

ONS National Statistics: Young People not in Education, Employment or Training (NEETs):  UK level quarterly statistics based on the Labour Force Survey (LFS). The definition of NEET corresponds to that used in this DfE NEET release, however ONS estimates are seasonally adjusted meaning quarter on quarter comparisons can be made. In addition, DfE estimates for England are based on academic age whilst ONS estimates are based on calendar age.

OECDThe Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) publishes annual NEET estimates. Their Education at a Glance UK country note publication covers young people aged 15-19 and 15-29 in the UK. 

Official Statistics in Development

These statistics are badged as "official statistics in development".

They are based on information from the Labour Force Survey (LFS) and ongoing challenges with response rates and levels mean that LFS-based labour market statistics are now badged as official statistics in development (opens in a new tab) until further review.  This is also in line with the letter from the Office for Statistics Regulation (OSR) (opens in a new tab), stating that LFS statistics should not be published as accredited official statistics until OSR has reviewed them.

‘Official statistics in development’ means statistics that are undergoing a development. They have been produced as far as possible in line with the Code of Practice for Statistics.

This can be broadly interpreted to mean that these statistics are:

  • managed impartially and objectively in the public interest
  • meet identified user needs
  • produced according to sound methods
  • well explained and readily accessible

Find out more about the standards we follow to produce these statistics through our Standards for official statistics published by DfE guidance (opens in a new tab).

Feedback and user engagement

We would welcome feedback on any aspect of this publication at Post16.STATISTICS@education.gov.uk

Help and support

Contact us

If you have a specific enquiry about NEET age 16 to 24 statistics and data:

Post-16 statistics team

Email: post16.statistics@education.gov.uk
Contact name: Lucy Blyth

Press office

If you have a media enquiry:

Telephone: 020 7783 8300

Public enquiries

If you have a general enquiry about the Department for Education (DfE) or education:

Telephone: 037 0000 2288

Opening times:
Monday to Friday from 9.30am to 5pm (excluding bank holidays)