Academic year 2022/23

Widening participation in higher education

This is the latest data

• Published: 24 October 2024
• Last updated: 26 November 2024
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  1. 26 November 2024

     Update to Special Educational Needs table tool and revised text relating to overall progression rate by region. No changes have been made to the data in the release.

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• Produced by: Department for Education

Annual statistics on young peoples' participation in higher education by student characteristics, including eligibility for free school meals, sex, ethnicity, special educational need status, first language, POLAR quintile and region.

The publication focuses on progression rates to higher education by age 19 for state-funded pupils by personal characteristics at age 15 and for A level students at age 17, by school or college type with breakdowns for high tariff higher education providers.

The publication also includes figures at local authority and regional level by sex, ethnic group, special educational need status and free school meal eligibility.

The underlying data, including student numbers, is available to download from the Explore data and files section.

Feedback on these statistics

We are reviewing our publications and feedback on how these statistics can be improved to meet user requirements is welcome at he.statistics@education.gov.uk

COVID-19  Note the latest data covers A level students who sat their exams in 2019/20 and 2020/21. 

These students would have been affected by disruption to assessments caused by COVID-19. Comparisons with earlier years should therefore be treated with caution.

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Releases in this series

View releases (14)

• Academic year 2021/22
• Academic year 2020/21
• Academic year 2019/20
• Academic year 2018/19
• Academic Year 2017/18
• Academic Year 2016/17
• Academic Year 2015/16
• Academic Year 2014/15
• Academic Year 2013/14
• Academic Year 2012/13
• Academic Year 2011/12
• Academic Year 2010/11
• Academic Year 2009/2010
• Academic Year 2008/2009

Methodologies

• Widening participation in higher education

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Headline facts and figures - 2022/23

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About this release

This statistics publication includes the latest information on measures of Widening Participation in Higher Education. 

These include estimates of progression to higher education (HE) by age 19 for state-funded pupils by personal characteristics and for A level and equivalent students, by school or college type, who progressed to HE by age 19, with breakdowns for high tariff higher education providers.

The pupil characteristic measure cover pupils who attended English state-funded schools and special schools at age 15 who have progressed to HE in UK Higher Education Providers and English Further Education Colleges. 

The school type measure covers students who attended English schools and colleges at Key Stage 5 at age 17 who have progressed to HE in UK Higher Education Providers and English Further Education Colleges. 

High Tariff Providers

Providers are ranked based on the mean UCAS tariff score of their intake and then allocated to low, medium and high tariff groupings with each forming roughly a third of students in the cohort.

The publication previously used provider tariff groupings produced by HESA. However, HESA no longer produce these groupings. The Department has produced updated groupings using a simplified version of the HESA methodology. These have been applied to all years presented. 

The calculation is now based on the total UCAS tariff points (from all qualifications) for each individual capped at the equivalent of three A* grades at A level. The HESA methodology differed in that it built up the tariff points for each individual based on their top three A level or equivalent qualifications before being normalised against the maximum points score (equivalent to three A* grades at A level).

This change has a small impact on the mean tariff scores of the vast majority of institutions but does lead to some providers changing tariff groups.

However, the measure is more stable because we now restrict to English domiciled entrants rather than UK domiciled, which provides closer alignment with the cohort of pupils in English schools and colleges used as the basis of this publication.

More information about HE provider tariff groupings can be found in the methodology document. 

The main publication text focuses on high tariff providers, however, tariff groupings and mean tariff scores for each institution can be downloaded from the Explore data and files section above.

Changes to Matching Methodology

The methodology used to match the National Pupil Database (NPD) to the Higher Education Statistics Agency’s (HESA) Student Record and the Individualised Learner Record (ILR) has been revised.

Whilst every effort has been made to have consistency with the match carried out in previous years, it is likely that the change in matching has had some impact on outputs. We believe any impact on the numbers in this publication is very small but it may affect comparisons between 2022/23 and earlier years for small groups in particular.

Prior Attainment

Variations in progression to HE by student characteristics can largely be explained by prior attainment [Socio-economic, ethnic and gender differences in HE participation, Nov 2015 (opens in a new tab)]. Prior attainment is not accounted for by the measures presented here.

The publication relies on matched data and all figures should be considered as estimates.

Other Publications

There are other sources of information on Widening Participation in Higher Education. These are summarised in the methodology document. 

DfE also produce destination measures showing the percentage of students progressing to further learning at Higher Education Institutions:

Key Stage 4 and Key Stage 5 Destinations (opens in a new tab)

The destination measures differ from those presented here as they cover those entered for A levels or equivalent qualifications at ages 16 to 18 as opposed to age 17 for this publication. Destinations figures cover only those who stayed in the education destination for at least the first two terms, whereas this publication covers all entrants except those who dropped out in the first two weeks.

Impact from COVID-19

Due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, the summer exam series was cancelled in both 2020 and 2021, and alternative processes were set up to award grades.

In both 2019/20 and 2020/21 attainment increased compared to previous years and was higher than would be expected in a typical year.

This led to more students being accepted to HE and in particular to high tariff HE which may explain the increased progression rates in the past couple of years.

Comparisons with earlier years should therefore be treated with caution. 

Free School Meals

Free School Meals Cohort  Note that the proportion of pupils eligible for Free School Meals (FSM) changes over time, which can affect the comparability of the figures. For those turning 19 in 2022/23, 14.1% were eligible for FSM at age 15. This is down from a peak of 14.9% for the 2016/17 cohort. See the methodology note for more information.

Progression to Higher Education

14.2% of state-funded and special school pupils who were eligible for Free School Meals (FSM) at age 15 entered Higher Education by age 19 by 2005/06. The rate has risen fairly steadily over time and is now more than double the 2005/06 figure at 29.0% for the 2022/23 cohort. However, the progression rate has fallen for the first time in the series in the latest year.

The progression rate for non-FSM eligible pupils has risen from 33.5% for the 2005/06 cohort to 49.8% for the 2022/23 cohort. 

While the progression rate gap between FSM eligible pupils and non-FSM eligible pupils has remained relatively stable over time, the current gap for the 2022/23 cohort is the largest in the series at 20.8 percentage points.

Overall Progression Rates  Figures covering HE progression for all state-funded students can be downloaded from the Free School Meals file in the Explore data and files section at the top of this page

Progression to High Tariff Higher Education

2.9% of state-funded and special school pupils who were eligible for Free School Meals (FSM) at age 15 entered high tariff HE by age 19 by 2009/10. The rate has increased in the latest year and now stands at 6.1%, the highest figure in the time series. 

The progression rate for non-FSM eligible pupils has risen from 10.9% for the 2009/10 cohort to 16.8% for the 2022/23 cohort, the highest in the time series. 

The progression rate gap between FSM eligible pupils and non-FSM eligible pupils was 10.6 percentage points for the 2022/23 cohort, the largest gap in the series.

Free School Meals - Region and Local Authority

Progression to Higher Education by Region and FSM Status

Progression to Higher Education

Progression to Higher Education varied considerably by region, in particular for pupils who were eligible for Free School Meals (FSM).

For FSM eligible pupils at age 15:

• Nationally, 29.0% had progressed to HE by age 19 by 2022/23
• The highest regional rate was in Inner London, where over half (51.3%) progressed to HE by age 19 by 2022/23
• The South West had the lowest regional rate with 18.8% progressing to HE by age 19 by 2022/23
• The gap in progression rates between London (the highest region) and the South West (the lowest region) for Free School Meal pupils was 29.8 percentage points in 2022/23

For non-FSM eligible pupils at age 15:

• Nationally, 49.8% had progressed to HE by age 19 by 2022/23
• London again had the highest regional rate – with almost two-thirds  (64.0%) progressing to HE by age 19 by 2022/23
• The South West had the lowest regional rate with 44.1% progressing to HE by age 19 by 2022/23

Overall

• Overall HE progression rates are highest in London (61.2%) and lowest in the North East (40.8%) 
• London was the only region with progression rates noticeably above the national average of 46.9%

Progression to Higher Education by Region - Free School Meal Eligible pupils

This section focuses on the change in progression rates over time by region. The chart highlights the England average, highest region (London) and lowest region (South West) with the remaining regions show in grey

London has had the highest progression rates for pupils who were eligible for Free School Meals (FSM) throughout the time series and the gap is growing. 

In 2005/06, 25.6% of pupils in London progressed to HE by age 19, 11.4 percentage points higher than the England average and 17.2 percentage points above the lowest region (North East). 

By 2022/23, almost half of pupils in London progressed to HE by age 19 (48.6%), 19.6 percentage points above the national average and 29.8 percentage points above the lowest region (South West).

Progression to High Tariff Higher Education

Progression to high tariff HE providers also varies by region. 

• In London, 12.1% of pupils who were eligible for Free School Meals (FSM) at age 15 progressed to high tariff HE by age 19 by 2022/23 – a rate more than three times higher than for the East Midlands (3.6%) 
• London also had the highest progression rates for non-FSM eligible pupils at age 15 – at 24.1% 
• The North East had the lowest progression rate for non-FSM eligible pupils (13.7%)

Overall

• Overall high tariff HE progression rates are highest in London (21.9%) and lowest in the North East (11.8%)

Progression to high tariff Higher Education by Region - Free School Meal Eligible pupils

This section focuses on the change in high tariff progression rates over time by region. The chart highlights the England average, highest region (London) and lowest region (East Midlands) with the remaining regions show in grey

Note that high tariff progression rates at regional and local authority level can be volatile over time as large local providers may change tariff groups between years

London has had the highest progression rates to high tariff HE for pupils who were eligible for Free School Meals (FSM) throughout the times series and the gap is growing. 

In 2009/10, 5.5% of pupils in London progressed to high tariff HE by age 19, 2.6 percentage points higher than the England average and 4.8 percentage points above the lowest region (North East). 

By 2022/23, 12.1% of pupils in London progressed to high tariff HE by age 19, 5.9 percentage points above the national average and 8.4 percentage points above the lowest region (East Midlands).

Progression to Higher Education by Local Authority and FSM Status

As seen in the regional figures, London had the highest progression rates and this is particularly apparent for pupils who were eligible for FSM at age 15.

In 15 Local Authorities in London, HE Progression rates by age 19 were above 50% for FSM eligible pupils, but were below 20% in around a quarter of Local Authorities (all outside London).

The gap in progression rates between FSM eligible pupils and non-FSM eligible pupils also tended to be much narrower in Local Authorities in London than in other areas. The progression rate gap tended to be widest in Local Authorities with a small proportion of FSM eligible pupils.

The pattern was similar when looking at progression to high tariff providers. In 21 Local Authorities in London, the progression rate to high tariff HE for FSM eligible pupils was above 10%, compared to 6.1% nationally. Progression rates to high tariff HE tended to be lowest in coastal regions in the South in particular and the more disadvantaged areas in the North and Midlands.

Disadvantage

Disadvantage  Pupils are defined as disadvantaged if they were eligible for free school meals at age 15 or at any point in the previous six years. Comparable figures are only available from 2013/14 onwards.

Progression to Higher Education

The progression rate for disadvantaged pupils fell for the first time in the series, from 32.5% in 2021/22 to 31.9% in 2022/23. This compares to over half (51.8%) of all other pupils in 2022/23, up slightly from 51.7% in 2021/22. 

The progression rate gap between disadvantaged pupils and all other pupils has increased from 19.3 percentage points in 2021/22 to 19.9 percentage points in 2022/23, the largest gap in the series.

Progression to High Tariff Higher Education

6.9% of disadvantaged pupils progressed to high tariff HE in by age 19 by 2022/23, the highest in the time series. However, this rate is over two and a half times lower than the rate for all other pupils (18.1%). 

The high tariff progression rate gap between disadvantaged pupils and all other pupils has increased from 9.6 percentage points in 2021/22 to 11.1 percentage points in 2022/23.

POLAR

POLAR  (opens in a new tab) Participation of Local Areas (POLAR) is produced by the Office for Students (OfS) and classifies small areas across the UK into five groups according to their level of young participation in HE. Each of these groups represents areas where around 20% of young people live and are ranked from quintile 1 (Q1) (areas with the lowest young participation rates, considered as the most disadvantaged) to quintile 5 (Q5) (areas with the highest young participation rates, considered most advantaged). This has been updated over the years to POLAR2, POLAR3 and POLAR4. This publication presents information using POLAR4.

Progression to Higher Education 

Pupils in the most advantaged quintile were almost twice as likely to progress to HE by age 19 by 2022/23 as those from the most disadvantaged quintile, at 62.1% compared to 31.7%. There has been some narrowing of the gap over time with the progression rate for the most advantaged increasing by 10.8 percentage points since 2009/10 compared to 13.7 percentage points for the most disadvantaged, however the gap has increased in the latest year.

Progression to High Tariff HE

The gap widens proportionately when looking at progression to high tariff HE. The most advantaged pupils were just under four times more likely to progress to high tariff HE than the most disadvantaged pupils in 2022/23. However, this is down from over six times more likely in 2009/10.

Difference from UCAS figures  UCAS publish figures on entry to Higher Education by POLAR4 quintile. The figures differ from those in this publication as they are measuring slightly different things. The figures in this publication relate to state-funded and special school pupils only, whereas the UCAS figures include students who attended other types of school. The UCAS figures relate to acceptances, whereas the figures in this publication relate to those identified as participating in HE, excluding entrants who dropped out in the first two weeks. UCAS figures generally relate to entry to HE at age 18 rather than by age 19.

Sex

Progression to Higher Education

More than half (53.6%) of female pupils entered HE by age 19 by 2022/23 compared to 40.4% of males. The gap in progression rates between males and females fell from 13.4 to 13.2 percentage points between 2021/22 and 2022/23.

Progression to High Tariff HE

17.6% of female pupils entered high tariff HE by age 19 by 2022/23 compared to 13.1% of males. The gap in progression rates between females and males increased from 3.4 to 4.5 percentage points in the latest year.

Regional and local authority data  Figures at regional and local authority data can be downloaded from the Sex file in the Explore data and files section at the top of this page.

Ethnic Group

This section focuses on four broad ethnic groups: Asian/Asian British, Black/African/Caribbean/Black British, Mixed/Multiple ethnic groups and White. Note that the Asian ethnic group includes Chinese pupils. Figures showing detailed ethnic group as well as regional and local authority data can be downloaded from the Ethnicity file in the Explore data and files section at the top of this page.

Progression to Higher Education

Progression to HE varies significantly by ethnic group. Asian/Asian British pupils were the most likely to progress to HE by age 19 by 2022/23 at 68.4%, compared to 62.4% for Black/African/Caribbean/Black British, 51.8% for Mixed/Multiple ethnic groups and 41.8% for White. 

Black pupils have seen the greatest increase in the proportion progressing to HE – from 44.1% in 2009/10 to 62.4% in 2022/23, however the progression rate has fallen in the latest year (the only broad ethnic group to see a fall).

Progression to High Tariff HE

Asian/Asian British pupils were also the most likely to progress to high tariff HE by age 19 by 2022/23 at 24.1%. 

White pupils were the least likely to progress to high tariff HE at 13.7%.

Free School Meals, Sex and Ethnic Group

This section focuses on detailed ethnic group by free school meal status and gender. Figures by region can be downloaded from the Free School Meals, Gender and Ethnic Group - Region file in the Explore data and files section at the top of this page.

Progression to Higher Education

Progression rates by age 19 were highest for Chinese pupils regardless of gender or Free School Meals (FSM) eligibility at age 15. Chinese females not eligible for FSM had the highest progression rate at 88.1% in 2022/23. Indian, Black African and Bangladeshi pupils also had consistently high progression rates regardless of FSM eligibility and gender. The lowest progression rates were for Traveller of Irish Heritage and Gypsy Roma pupils.

Progression rates by age 19 for White English/Welsh/Scottish/Northern Irish/British pupils who were eligible for Free School Meals (FSM) at age 15 were much lower than most other groups with rates of 22.2% for females and 13.7% for males in 2022/23. The progression rate for White English/Welsh/Scottish/Northern Irish/British FSM eligible males increased slightly in the latest year and is the highest level recorded. The rate for females had increased every year between 2011/12 and 2021/22 but has fallen in the latest year.

Progression to High Tariff HE

Progression rates to high tariff HE providers by age 19 were highest for Chinese pupils regardless of gender or eligibility for Free School Meals (FSM) at age 15. This was particularly apparent for pupils who were FSM eligible.

Black Caribbean pupils were among the least likely to progress to high tariff HE by age 19. The progression rate of 8.3% is just over half the overall national figure (15.3%). The progression rate for females has increased from 8.1% to 11.0% in the latest year and the rate for males has increased from 4.6% to 5.7%.

Special Educational Needs (SEN)

SEN Support  From 2015, the School Action and School Action Plus categories were combined to form one category of SEN support. Extra or different help is given from that provided as part of the school’s usual curriculum. The class teacher and special educational needs co-ordinator (SENCO) may receive advice or support from outside specialists. The pupil does not have an Education, Health and Care (EHC) plan or Statement of SEN.

Education Health and Care plan or Statement of SEN A pupil has an EHC plan or Statement of SEN when a formal assessment has been made with a document in place setting out the child’s needs and the extra help they should receive. Children with an EHC plan have more complex needs than those receiving SEN support. Further details on these definitions are available here (opens in a new tab).

Progression to Higher Education

The progression rates for pupils with Special Education Needs lag well behind those for other pupils. Just 9.3% of pupils with an Education, Health and Care Plan (EHCP) progressed to HE by age 19 by 2022/23 compared to 24.9% of pupils on SEN Support and 51.2% for pupils with no SEN provision.

The progression rate for pupils with SEN increased in the latest year to the highest in the time series, whilst the rate remained unchanged for pupils with no SEN provision.

Progression to High Tariff HE

Just 1.6% of pupils with and EHCP and 5.2% of those on SEN support progressed to high tariff HE in 2022/23. In comparison, the progression rate for other pupils was 17.1%.

Progression rates have increased for all groups in the latest year and are at the highest level in the time series.

Regional and local authority data  Figures at regional and local authority data can be downloaded from the Special Educational Needs file in the Explore data and files section at the top of this page.

First Language

English as an additional language  A pupil is recorded to have English as an additional language if they are exposed to a language at home that is known or believed to be other than English.

Progression to Higher Education

A majority of pupils with a first language other than English progress to HE by age 19. 61.1% of pupils with a first language other than English progressed to HE by age 19 by 2022/23 compared to 44.0% of pupils with English as a first language. The progression rates have increased by 10.3 percentage points and 11.9 percentage points respectively since 2009/10.

Progression to High Tariff HE

Pupils with a first language other than English were also more likely to progress to high tariff HE by age 19, with 18.7% doing so by 2022/23 compared to 14.6% of pupils with English as a first language. 

Children in Need

Children in Need  A child in need is defined under the Children Act 1989 (opens in a new tab) as a child who is unlikely to reach or maintain a satisfactory level of health or development, or their health or development will be significantly impaired without the provision of services, or the child is disabled. 

This publication presents figures for Children in Need at 31st March for state-funded and special school pupils who were 15 at the start of the academic year. Comparable data is only available from 2015/16 onwards.

Note that Looked After Children are a subset of Children in Need.

Progression to Higher Education

14% of Children in Need at age 15 progressed to HE by age 19 by 2022/23 compared to 48% of all other pupils. The progression rates are unchanged since last year.

Progression to High Tariff HE

The progression rate to high tariff HE for Children in Need was 2% in 2022/23. The rate is the same as last year and is eight times lower than the 16% of all other pupils who progressed to high tariff HE. 

Looked After Children

A child is looked after by a local authority under the Children Act 1989 (opens in a new tab) if they fall into one of the following: is provided with accommodation, for a continuous period of more than 24 hours [Children Act 1989, Section 20 & 21]; is subject to a care order [Children Act 1989, Part IV]; or is subject to a placement order. 

This publication presents figures for Children looked after continuously for 12 months or more at 31st March for state-funded and special school pupils who were 15 at the start of the academic year.

Note that Looked After Children are a subset of Children in Need.

Progression to Higher Education

15% of pupils who were looked after continuously for 12 months or more at 31st March 2019 progressed to HE by age 19 by 2022/23, the highest in the series. However, the progression rate for all other pupils is more than three times higher at 47% (unchanged from last year).

Progression to High Tariff HE

The progression rate to high tariff HE for children looked after continuously for at least 12 months has remained at 2% since 2016/17. Over the same time period the high tariff progression rate has increase from 11% to 15%. 

A level students - School Type

Changes to Key Stage 5 cohort 

There has been continued reform to KS5 qualifications and methodological changes in the way the KS5 cohort is counted. It is not possible to directly compare figures for HE progression rates from 2017/18 with earlier years and further changes in recent year have added further volatility to the time series.

Due to these changes, this publication focuses on HE progression for A level students in the main text of the publication, where the cohort is more stable over time. Progression figures for the wider KS5 cohort are still available for download to enable comparison of progression rates by school type within years, however it is not possible to create consistent comparisons over time. 

Data can be downloaded from the School Type file in the Explore data and files section at the top of this page.

Changes to A level cohort

From 2017/18 the cohort includes students who took a single AS level (as well as those combining one AS level with vocational qualifications). We would expect these students to have lower progression rates than in the past when the threshold for inclusion in school performance measures was at least one A level. The change has most impact on the state-funded students, who are more likely to study AS levels. 

Figures from 2017/18 onwards are therefore NOT directly comparable with earlier years.

Progression to Higher Education

88.5% of pupils who took A levels in Independent schools progressed to HE, 6.5 percentage points higher than for pupils in state-funded schools/colleges (82.0%). The gap between these two groups has increased slightly from 6.4 to 6.5 percentage points for the latest cohort.

Progression to High Tariff Higher Education

The gap however remains large when focusing on high tariff HE. 67.8% of pupils who took A levels in Independent schools progressed to high tariff HE, 33.6 percentage points higher than those in state-funded schools/colleges (34.2%). This gap is up from 32.8 percentage points last year.

State-funded School Type  Figures for Selective State and Other State schools can be downloaded from the School Type file in the Explore data and files section at the top of this page.

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Methodology

Find out how and why we collect, process and publish these statistics.

• Widening participation in higher education

Official statistics

These are Official Statistics and have been produced in line with the Code of Practice for Official Statistics.

This can be broadly interpreted to mean that these statistics are:

• managed impartially and objectively in the public interest
• meet identified user needs
• produced according to sound methods
• well explained and readily accessible

Find out more about the standards we follow to produce these statistics through our Standards for official statistics published by DfE guidance.

Our statistical practice is regulated by the Office for Statistics Regulation (OSR).

OSR sets the standards of trustworthiness, quality and value in the Code of Practice for Statistics that all producers of official statistics should adhere to.

You are welcome to contact us directly with any comments about how we meet these standards. Alternatively, you can contact OSR by emailing regulation@statistics.gov.uk or via the OSR website.

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Widening participation statistics

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