Academic year 2023/24

Teacher and Leader development: ECF and NPQs

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Introduction

Introduction 

This release provides information on the number of early career teachers (ECTs) participating in the early career framework (ECF) and the number of teachers and leaders participating in reformed national professional qualifications (NPQs). It includes numbers of starts in the academic year 2023/24. 

For ECF, we report on the numbers and percentage of ECTs participating in the provider-led and school-led ECF-based induction. For NPQs, we report on the numbers of teachers participating in an NPQ and the percentage of teachers that represents in the school workforce. 

For the first time this statistics release includes teacher retention numbers for ECF participants and the number of NPQ completions and outcomes.  

All the metrics above are broken down by individual-level characteristics, school characteristics and region. 

Findings on teacher retention of ECF participants focuses on two cohorts (2021/22 and 2022/23). We compare the number ECF participants appearing in the school workforce census with those retained in later census years.  

NPQ completion figures show the percentage of NPQs started in 2021/22 and 2022/23 that have been completed to date and the outcome (pass/fail).   

This release is based on the Department for Education's (DfE) Teacher CPD Service dataset, which consists of management information submitted by lead providers, the School Workforce Census (SWC), the Database of Qualified Teachers (DQT) and Get Information about Schools (GIAS) (opens in a new tab). The SWC collects information from schools and local authorities on the school workforce in state-funded schools in England, and GIAS is the department's register of educational establishments in England and Wales.  

Official Statistics in Development are newly developed or innovative official statistics that are undergoing evaluation. They are published to involve users and stakeholders in the assessment of their suitability and quality at an early stage. This publication is labelled as ‘Official Statistics Under Development’ because it is a relatively new statistical product that we continue to develop as new data from the ECF and NPQ programmes becomes available. 

 


Headline facts and figures - 2023/24

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ECF-based induction

This section provides information on the number and percentage of early career teachers who participated in the provider-led and school-led ECF-based induction in three academic years following the national rollout of ECF in September 2021. 

Schools can choose how they want to deliver ECF-based induction. They can use a provider-led approach whereby a DfE funded training provider and a delivery partner provide ECF-based training directly to the early career teachers and train mentors on how to support early career teachers. The training programmes designed by these lead providers are accredited by DfE and quality assured by the Education Endowment Foundation (EEF) (opens in a new tab). Alternatively, schools can use freely available DfE accredited materials to deliver their own induction programme or design and deliver their own induction programme based on the ECF (school-led approach)

The total number of ECTs who started the provider-led induction comprises all ECTs who are confirmed to have started the provider-led induction in a given academic year. The percentage of ECTs who started the provider-led and school-led induction is based on ECTs who appeared in the School Workforce Census.  

The number of ECTs starting a provider-led ECF-based induction was relatively flat in the first two academic years (26,766 in 2021/22 and 25,922 in 2022/23), reducing in the latest academic year to 23,194 in line with a fall in the ECT cohort as a whole. The proportion of ECTs who started a provider-led ECF-based induction also remained stable in the last three years at around 94-95%. 

ECF: participant characteristics

This section breaks down figures on the three ECF cohorts by personal characteristics. Whilst the focus in this section is on early career teachers, the underlying data files also include breakdowns for mentors who participated in the provider-led ECF-based induction.  

Percentage figures are not provided for categories where the relevant data is absent. Inclusion in the ‘Unknown’ category may indicate that either the teacher could not be matched in the School Workforce Census (SWC), or that the information is missing in the SWC. 

Working pattern 

In academic year 2023/24, the majority of ECTs who started a provider-led ECF-based induction were working as full-time teachers (18,061). 

Full-time teachers were slightly more likely to have undertaken a provider-led induction than part-time teachers (94.2% and 93.4%, respectively). 

Age

In academic year 2023/24, of those who started a provider-led ECF-based induction, under 25s were the largest group (8,069) followed by those aged 25 to 29  (5,530). The smallest groups were those aged 50 to 59 (482) and 60 and over (27). This is largely as expected, mirroring the distribution of ECTs by age. 

The proportion of ECTs in the SWC who started a provider-led ECF-based induction was similar across most age groups, ranging from 94.0% to 95.2%.  

Gender 

In academic year 2023/24, the majority of ECTs who started provider-led ECF-based induction were female (14,358), compared to 4,557 male ECTs. This reflects the gender-split within ECTs as a whole. The proportion of ECTs in the school workforce census starting provider-led ECF-based induction was slightly higher for females than males (94.4% and 93.6% respectively). 

Ethnicity 

In academic year 2023/24, White teachers were the largest group of ECTs who started a provider-led ECF-based induction (13,018), followed by Asian or Asian British teachers (1,457). 

The percentage of ECTs in the school workforce census who started a provider-led ECF-based induction was slightly lower across ethnic minority groups, ranging from 89.5% for Asian or Asian British teachers to 92.7% for Any other ethnic group, compared to 94.9% for the White group. 

ECF: school characteristics

This section breaks down figures on ECF cohorts by the characteristics of their schools. Whilst the focus in this section is on early career teachers, the underlying data files also include breakdowns for mentors who were participating in the provider-led ECF-based induction.  

Percentage figures are not provided for categories where the relevant data is absent. Inclusion in the ‘Unknown’ category indicates that the school could not be matched in Get Information About Schools. 

Region 

London and the South East had the largest numbers of early career teachers who started the provider-led ECF-based induction in 2023/24, at 4,110 and 3,616 respectively.  

The North East had the smallest number of early career teachers who started the provider-led ECF-based induction (1,081), but this reflects the fact that the North East had the smallest number of early career teachers in England. 

The percentage of ECTs in the school workforce census who started the provider-led ECF-based induction was highest in the East Midlands (98.5%) and lowest in London (88.6%). London had the highest percentage of ECTs who started the school-led ECF-based induction (10.2%).  

School type 

In the academic year 2023/24, most early career teachers who started a provider-led ECF-based induction were based at an academy (14,019), followed by early career teachers who were at a local authority-maintained school (7,177).  

The percentage of ECTs who participated in the provider-led ECF-based induction was similar across school types, ranging from 94.1% for  academies to 96.3% for special schools. 

School phase 

In the academic year 2023/24, a slightly higher number of ECTs started provider-led ECF-based inductions in primary schools (11,388) compared to secondary schools (10,471).  

The percentage of early career teachers participating in the provider-led ECF-based induction was higher in primary schools (95.9%) than in secondary schools (92.4%). The percentage of ECTs in other school types who participated in the provider-led ECF-based induction was 96.4%. 

ECF: Teacher retention

Teacher retention improves teacher quality and pupil outcomes. This section provides information on the retention of participants in ECF-based induction who work in state schools in England and appear in the school workforce census (SWC). It focuses on two cohorts (2021/22 and 2022/23). Tables present:  

  • ECF participants from the 2021/22 cohort that remained in the 2022 SWC (1-year retention) and 2023 SWC (2-year retention). 
  • ECF participants from the 2022/23 cohort that remained in the 2023 SWC (1-year retention). 

ECF participants - 2021/22 cohort 

There were 21,008 ECTs that participated in an ECF-based induction programme and appeared in the School Workforce Census (SWC) 2021. Of these, 87.7% were retained in state schools in the following year and 79.3% were retained in 2023. 

Of the 21,008 ECTs above, 19,952 ECTs participated in a provider-led ECF-based induction programme and 1,056 in a school-led programme. Retention was slightly higher for ECTs participating in the provider-led programme (87.7% and 87.1% respectively after one year and 79.5% and 76.1% respectively after two years).  

ECF participants - 2022/23 cohort 

There were 20,888 ECTs that participated in an ECF-based induction programme and appeared in the SWC 2022. Of these, 88.8% were retained in the following year (2023 SWC). 

Of the 20,888 ECTs above, there were 19,841 ECTs participating in a provider-led ECF based induction programme and 1,047 in a school-led programme. Retention was slightly higher for ECTs participating in the provider-led programme (88.9% and 86.3% respectively after one year). 

ECF: Teacher retention breakdowns

This section provides information on breakdowns of teacher retention (working pattern, age group, gender, ethnicity, and school phase). It focuses on ECTs participating in the provider-led ECF programme and appeared in the School Workforce Census (SWC). 

Working Pattern  

ECF participants - 2021/22 cohort 

There were 19,024 ECT participants in the provider-led ECF-based induction programme working full-time compared to 928 working part-time. Retention among full-time teachers was higher than part-time teachers (88.1% and 81.0% respectively after one year, and 79.6% compared to 76.5% after two years). 

ECF participants - 2022/23 cohort 

There were 18,918 ECTs participants in the provider-led ECF-based induction programme working full-time compared to 923 working part-time. As per the previous cohort, retention among full-time teachers was higher than part-time teachers (89.3% and 81.6% respectively after one year). 

Age group

ECF participants - 2021/22 cohort 

There were more provider-led ECF-based induction participants in the SWC in younger age groups. The highest ECF participant group was under 25 (8,812). Retention among younger age groups was also slightly higher with under 25 (88.9%) and 25 to 29 (87.2%) proportionally higher than other groups after one year. However, 2-year retention was slightly higher in the 40-49 age group (82.0%) followed by under 25 (80.1%).

ECF participants - 2022/23 cohort 

Again, there were more provider-led ECF-based induction participants in the SWC in younger age groups. The highest ECF participant group was under 25 (8,634). Age groups with the highest 1-year retention in this cohort was under 25 (90.0%) followed by 40 to 49 (89.3%). 

Gender 

ECF participants - 2021/22 cohort 

There were 14,869 female participants of the provider-led ECF-based induction programme in the SWC compared to 5,038 male teachers. Retention among female teachers was higher than male teachers (88.4% and 85.7% respectively after one year, and 80.4% compared to 76.5% after two years). 

ECF participants - 2022/23 cohort 

There were 14,879 female participants of the provider-led ECF-based induction programme in the SWC compared to 4,946 male teachers. Retention among female teachers was slightly higher than male teachers (89.2% and 88.0% respectively after one year). 

Ethnicity

ECF participants - 2021/22 cohort 

There were more White provider-led ECF-based induction participants in the SWC than in other ethnic groups (14,946 of 19,952 overall). The ethnic group with the highest 1-year retention rate was White participants (88.4%) followed by Asian and Asian British participants (86.7%). For 2-year, retention, White (80.2%) was highest followed by Any other ethnic group (78.8%)

ECF participants - 2022/23 cohort 

One-year retention was highest for White participants (89.6%) followed by Black or Black British (89.4%).

School Phase 

ECF participants - 2021/22 cohort 

There were more ECTs in the SWC in secondary schools than primary participating in the provider-led ECF-based induction programme (10,529 and 8,712 respectively). Retention was higher for those in primary schools compared to secondary (89.2% and 86.3% respectively after one year, and 81.3% and 77.6% after two years). 

ECF participants - 2022/23 cohort 

There were slightly more ECTs in the SWC in secondary schools than primary participating in the provider-led ECF-based programme (9,662 and 9,405 respectively). Retention was slightly higher for those in primary schools compared to secondary (89.4% and 88.3% respectively after one year). 

NPQs

National Professional Qualifications (NPQs) 

This section provides information on the number of teachers and leaders who undertook an NPQ from the reformed suites of NPQs in the three academic years since 2021/22.  

 We provide the number of unique funded NPQ participants and the rate of workforce participation in NPQs. The rate of workforce participation is the proportion of teachers in the School Workforce Census (SWC) who started an NPQ in that academic year. 

There was a substantial increase in the number of unique funded NPQ participants, from 29,901 in 2021/22, 36,397 in 2022/23, and 41,011 in 2023/24. This equated to 5.5% of the SWC in 2021/22 compared with 6.3% in 2022/23 and 7.0% in 2023/24.  

In 2023/24, 17.1% of teachers in the School Workforce Census had participated in an NPQ from the reformed suite (in the last three academic years). 

Course type 

We provide a breakdown of funded unique starts by course type. The  NPQ for Senior Leadership was the most frequently taken course from the reformed suite of NPQs with 10,880 funded starts in the academic year 2023/24, accounting for 26% of all funded NPQ starts. The NPQ for Leading Teaching was the second most frequently taken NPQ with 8,011 funded starts, accounting for 19% of all funded NPQ starts. The NPQ for Headship was the third most frequently started NPQ with 5,470 funded starts, representing 13% of all funded NPQ starts.

NPQ: participant characteristics

This section provides information on the personal characteristics of teachers and leaders who started an NPQ from the reformed suites of NPQs in the academic years 2021/22 to 2023/24. 

Percentage figures are not provided for categories where the relevant data is absent. Inclusion in the ‘Unknown’ category may indicate that either the teacher could not be matched in the School Workforce Census, or that the information is missing in the School Workforce Census. 

Teacher grade 

In 2023/24, deputyhead teachers and assistant  head teachers were the teacher grades with the highest rate of workforce participation (12.0% and 10.8%, respectively), followed by head teachers (9.7%). This reflects the fact that NPQs courses are generally aimed at more experienced teachers, and many support the development of leadership skills. The percentage of classroom teachers taking an NPQ has increased from 4.9% in 2021/22 to 6.4% in 2023/24.

Working pattern

In 2023/24, 31,002 funded NPQ participants were working full-time, and 4,991 were working part-time. There were 5,018 funded NPQ participants whose working hours were unknown. 

The percentage of full-time teachers in the teaching workforce who started an NPQ was 8.0%, compared to 4.0% for part-time teachers.  

Age 

In the academic year 2023/24, teachers and leaders in the 30 to 39 age group had the largest number of funded NPQ participants (14,929), followed by teachers and leaders in the 40 to 49 age group (10,912) and those in the 25 to 29 age group (6,123). There were 5,018 funded NPQ participants whose age is unknown

Those in the 30 to 39 age group followed by the 25 to 29 age group were most likely to start a funded NPQ, (8.8% and 8.5% of teachers and leaders respectively).  

Teachers who were under 25 years old had the second lowest percentage of funded NPQ participants (2.7%), reflecting the fact that NPQs are designed to support professional development for more experienced teachers. Funded NPQ participation was 3.7% among teachers who were 50 to 59 years old and 0.8% among teachers who were 60 or over.  

Gender 

In the academic year 2023/24, the majority of funded NPQ participants were female (26,644), while male teachers accounted for 9,336 funded NPQ participants. The gender of 5,031 funded NPQ participants was unknown.  

Male teachers were slightly more likely to start an NPQ course than female teachers. The percentage of male teachers in the school workforce who started an NPQ was 7.5%, compared to 6.9% of female teachers.  

Ethnicity 

In the academic year 2023/24, most funded NPQ participants identified as White (28,882), followed by 1,581 funded NPQ participants identifying as Asian or Asian British. There were 956 funded NPQ participants identified as Black or Black British, 582 identified as Any other Mixed background, and 273 identified as Any otherethnic group.  

Teachers who identified as Black or Black British had the highest rate of funded NPQ participation (7.8%), followed by those who identified as Any other Mixed background (7.3%) and those who identified as White (7.1%). 

NPQ: school characteristics

NPQ: school characteristics 

This section provides information on the characteristics of schools whose teachers and leaders who were taking an NPQ from the reformed suites of NPQs in the last three academic years since 2021/22. 

Percentage figures are not provided for categories where the relevant data is absent. Inclusion in the ‘Unknown’ category indicates that the teacher's school was not provided or could not be matched to Get Information About Schools. 

Region 

In 2023/24, The London had the largest number of funded NPQ participants (5,852), followed by  the South East (5,654) and the  North West (5,644). 

The North East had the lowest number of funded NPQ participants (1,912). The West Midlands had the highest percentage of the teachers in the school workforce starting an NPQ (7.9%). The South East had the lowest percentage of the teachers in the school workforce starting an NPQ (6.2%).  

Breakdowns of NPQs participation by local authority are provided in the underlying data. 

School type 

In 2023/24, the majority of funded NPQ participants (22,668) were based at academies, followed by 12,988 funded NPQ participants at local authority-maintained schools and 1,982 at special schools.  

Except a small number of other school types, free schools had the highest rate of workforce participation in NPQs (8.6%), followed by special schools (7.7%), academies (7.3%), and local authority-maintained schools (6.6%). 

School phase 

In 2023/24, primary schools had the largest number of unique funded NPQ participants (19,736), followed by 16,272 unique funded NPQ participants at secondary schools.  

The percentage of primary school teachers in the school workforce who started a funded NPQ was 7.7%, compared to 6.4% of teachers at secondary schools.

NPQ: outcomes

NPQ outcomes  

The reformed suite of NPQs started in 2021/22. This section provides information on completions and outcomes (pass rates) for funded NPQ courses started in 2021/22 and 2022/23. 

In 2021/22, 30,059 funded NPQ courses were started by teachers and leaders. Of these, 82.0% have been completed to date. The outcome for NPQ completions was a 98.0% pass rate. 

In 2022/23, 36,572 funded NPQ courses were started. Most are still active owing to the length of NPQ courses, particularly leadership NPQs (Early Years Leadership; Senior Leadership; Headship; Executive Leadership), which last between 18 and 22 months. However, 39.5% have been completed to date. The pass rate for NPQ completed to date was a 96.4%. 

NPQ: outcome breakdowns

NPQ outcomes by NPQ course

In the academic year 2021/22, the NPQ for Senior Leadership was the most started course (8,625), followed by the NPQ for Leading Teaching (7,459). The NPQ course with the highest completion rate is the NPQ for Headship (86.0%), whilst the lowest completion rate is NPQ for Executive Leadership (77.1%).The NPQ for Leading Teaching, and the NPQ for Leading Teacher Development shared the highest percentage pass rate (98.7%)

In the academic year 2022/23, the NPQ for Senior Leadership was still the most started course (9,157) followed by the NPQ for Leading Teaching (7,536). As noted above, few leadership NPQs have been completed to date given the length of the courses. The highest completion rate was for the NPQ for Leading Literacy (82.8%).

NPQ outcomes by working pattern 

In 2021/22 teachers and leaders working full-time started 25,210 funded NPQ courses compared to part-time teachers (2,986). The percentage of NPQ courses completed by part-time teachers is slightly higher than full-time teachers (83.7% and 82.1% respectively). The outcome was also slightly higher (98.8% part-time and 98.0% full-time). 

In 2022/23 the number of funded NPQ courses started increased. Teachers and leaders working full-time started 28,196 funded NPQ courses compared to part-time teachers (4,033). The percentage of NPQ courses completed by part-time teachers is slightly higher than full-time teachers (42.0% and 40.1% respectively). The pass rate for those completed was also slightly higher (96.9% part-time and 96.4% full-time).

NPQ outcomes by age group

In 2021/22 teachers and leaders in the age group 30-39 started the most funded NPQ courses (12,305) followed by age group 40-49 (8,093). Younger age groups completed more funded NPQ courses as a percentage of starts and the pass rate for those completed was also slightly higher.

In 2022/23 the number of funded NPQ courses started increased. As in 2021/22, teachers and leaders in the age group 30-39 started the most funded NPQ courses (13,711) followed by age group 40-49 (9,579). Similar to the previous years NPQ starts, completions and pass rates tended to be higher in the younger age groups. 

NPQ completions by gender 

In 2021/22 more funded NPQs were started by female teachers and leaders (19,777) compared to males (8,333). The percentage of funded NPQs completed was slightly higher for female teachers and leaders (82.5%) compared to males (81.7%). Pass rates for those completed was also slightly higher for females compared to males (98.3% and 97.6% respectively). 

In 2022/23 more funded NPQs were started by female teachers and leaders (23,871) compared to males (8,343). The percentage of funded NPQs completed was slightly higher for female teachers and leaders (41.5%) compared to males (37.2%). The pass rate was also slightly higher for females compared to males (96.6% and 96.1% respectively). 

NPQ outcomes by ethnicity

In 2021/22 white teachers and leaders started the most funded NPQ courses (23,134) followed by Asian or Asian British (1,164).  The percentage of funded NPQ completions for these two groups were similar (82.6% and 82.3% respectively). Black or Black British teachers and leaders had the lowest completion rate (76.8%). Pass rates were slightly higher for teachers and leaders identified as Any Mixed Background (98.6%), followed by White (98.2%), and Asian and Asian British (97.7%). 

In 2022/23 the number of funded NPQ courses started increased. In 2022/23 white teachers and leaders started the most funded NPQ courses (26,427) followed by Asian or Asian British (1,324). The percentage of funded NPQ completions however, was higher for teachers and leaders in Any other ethnic group (46.1%) and Asian and Asian British (42.8%) than other groups. Pass rates were slightly higher for teachers and leaders identified as Any Mixed Background, both (96.5%).

NPQ outcomes by school phase 

In the academic year 2021/22, slightly more funded NPQs were started in secondary schools (13,662) than primary (13,113). The percentage of courses completed was similar by school phase (82.4% in secondary and 82.1% in primary schools). The outcome was slightly higher in primary schools (98.3% pass rate) compared to 97.9% in secondary. 

In the academic year 2022/23, however, there were more funded NPQs started in primary schools (16,873) than secondary (14,678). The percentage of courses completed was higher in secondary schools (48.6%) compared to 34.5% in primary schools. The outcome was higher in primary schools (97.2% pass rate) compared to 95.8% in secondary. 

NPQ outcomes by teacher grade

In the academic year 2021/22, the majority of NPQs were started by classroom teachers (21,454), followed by assistant head teachers (2,9112). The percentage of courses completed to date was similar amongst classroom teachers, assistant head teachers, and deputy headteachers (83.3%, 82.1%, and 81.9% respectively). Whereas head teachers have a 70.8% completion rate. The pass rate for those completed is highest for deputy head teachers (98.9%), and lowest for head teachers (95.9%)

In the academic year 2022/23, the highest number of NPQs started was still in classroom teachers (24,929), followed by assistant headteachers (3,223). The percentage of completions to date is highest for classroom teachers (49.2%), and lowest for head teachers (2.9%), reflecting the longer nature of leadership NPQs. The pass rate was still highest for deputy head teachers (97.5%)

 

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Official statistics in development

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