Graduate labour market statistics: methodology

• Published: 22 December 2020

Methodology note

Introduction

Graduate Labour Market Statistics (hereafter referred to as GLMS) was first published by the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (BIS) in December 2014, on a quarterly and annual basis. Responsibility for English Higher Education policy, and hence this publication, transferred to the Department for Education (DfE) in Summer 2016.

The GLMS publication uses the Labour Force Survey (LFS) data to look at the labour market outcomes of graduates and postgraduates, and compares them with those of non-graduates. The annual version of the GLMS publication provides a more detailed focus on the employment and earnings outcomes of graduates by their specific characteristics as well. Due to the devolution of Higher Education policy, only individuals domiciled within England are considered. 

This document provides guidance for users regarding the generation and interpretation of figures in the GLMS publication.

Definitions and Coverage

Graduates, postgraduates and non-graduates

Graduate – defined as individuals whose highest qualification is an undergraduate degree at Bachelors level. This category also includes those classified as graduates who are currently enrolled in education courses, including studying towards a Master’s or PhD.

Postgraduate – defined as individuals whose highest qualification is any degree higher than an undergraduate degree, such as a Master’s or PhD. This category also includes those who have attained a Postgraduate Certificate in Education, as well as those in the category “other postgraduate degrees or professional qualifications”.

Non-Graduate – defined as individuals whose highest qualifications are at a lower level than an undergraduate degree (National Qualification Framework (NQF[1]) Level 5 or below). This includes individuals with Foundation Degrees, Apprenticeships, A-Levels or GCSEs as their highest qualification, as well as people with lower or no qualifications. It also includes non-graduates who are enrolled on education courses, such as A-level qualified individuals who are at studying at university. For a list of qualifications included in each definition please see Annex A.

Individuals whose highest qualification is at NQF Level 6, 7 or 8 but the qualification is not classed as a degree are not considered as part of this analysis. 

The definitions have been used to provide information on the outcomes of those that complete a degree, compared to those that do not, to inform Higher Education policy.

It should be noted that the definitions of graduates and non-graduates in Graduate Labour Market Statistics differ from those used in certain other publications which focus on graduate outcomes, such as the Office of National Statistics’ (ONS) “Graduates in the Labour Market 2013”, which defines graduates as those whose highest qualifications are NQF Level 4 or higher. The statistics in this release are not directly comparable with those publications due to the differences in definitions.

Population

Outcomes are presented for two different age groups: the Working Age Population and the Young Population.

Working Age Population – all individuals domiciled in England aged 16-64.

Young Population – all individuals domiciled in England aged 21-30.

GLMS provides a breakdown of outcomes for a ‘young’ sub-population. This is to reflect the fact that the large majority (89%)[2] of those studying an undergraduate degree are under the age of 30, and that new entrants to the labour market are likely to have a limited amount of work experience. Analysis of this sub-group allows comparisons between similarly-aged graduates and non-graduates.

Employment

Employed – individuals that had at least one hour of paid employment in the reference week. This includes individuals that worked both full time and part time. 

High Skilled Employment – a job categorised within the Standard Occupation Classification (SOC) codes 1-3. SOC 1-3 includes managers, directors and senior official; professional occupations and associate professional and technical occupations. For more information on SOC please see the ONS website.[3]

Medium/Low Skilled Employment – a job categorised within the Standard Occupation Classification (SOC) codes 4-9. SOC 4-9 includes administrative and secretarial occupations; skilled trades’ occupations; caring, leisure and other service occupations; sales and customer service occupations; process, plant and machine operatives and elementary occupations.

Unemployed – individuals that were not in employment during the reference week and were actively seeking work. 

Inactive – also known as the economically inactive, these are individuals that were not employed and did not seek work over the reference period or were seeking work over the reference period, but unavailable to start work.

Employment Rate – the proportion of the total specified population who are employed. The total population will vary based on whether we are focusing on the working age population (16-64 year olds) or the young population (21-30 year olds).

High Skilled Employment Rate – the proportion of the total specified population who report being in high skilled employment. The total population will vary based on whether we are focusing on the working age population (16-64 year olds) or the young population (21-30 year olds). 

The high skill employment rate presented in the GLMS is not the proportion of those employed that are in a high skilled job; it is the proportion of all graduates that are in a high skilled job. For example, a High Skilled Employment Rate for working age graduates of 70%, would mean that 7 out of 10 of all graduates aged 16-64 were in a high skilled job. 

Unemployment Rate – the proportion of the specified economically active population (i.e. in work or unemployed) who are unemployed. This excludes individuals who are economically inactive. Unemployment is defined under the International Labour Organization (ILO) measure, which assesses the number of jobless people who want to work, are available to work and are actively seeking work. This is consistent with the ONS definition of unemployment.

Inactivity Rate – the proportion of the total specified population who report being economically inactive in the labour market. The total population will vary based on whether we are focusing on the working age population (16-64 year olds) or the young population (21-30 year olds).

Salaries

Populations are specified as above. Median salaries are calculated as the annual equivalent of the median gross weekly earnings of individuals who are in full-time employment, including overtime pay. Individuals working on a part-time basis are not included in the earnings analysis. Median salaries are given in nominal terms, so do not account for inflation. They are rounded to the nearest £500, in line with statistics from the Destinations of Leavers from Higher Education surveys[4]. 

Coverage

GLMS only covers English domiciled individuals (those whose permanent home is in England) as authority over Higher Education has been devolved to Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. 

Data

GLMS is produced using data from the UK quarterly Labour Force Survey (LFS) - a survey of households living at private addresses in the UK. Its purpose is to provide information on the UK labour market which can then be used to develop, manage, evaluate and report on labour market policies. For more information on the methodology and quality of the LFS data please refer to the ONS website.[5] 

As the results presented in these publications are based on survey data, they represent estimates. Therefore, any findings should be interpreted with caution as they may not necessarily be statistically significant. 

Weighting: The LFS collects information on a sample of the population. To enable us to make inferences from this sample to the entire eligible population we must apply weights to the sample data. This entails assigning each responding or imputed case a weight, which can be thought of as the number of people in the population which that case represents. These weights are calculated such that they sum to a set of known population totals, and the weights of an entire dataset will sum to the eligible population of the UK. For further information on LFS weighting, please refer to the ONS User Guidance for the LFS.

Labour Force Survey (LFS) datasets are routinely reweighted in line with population estimates. In 2018 a new weighting variable was introduced, PWT18, to LFS datasets from July-September 2011 onwards. The reweighting project completed by the Office for National Statistics has resulted in the following revisions: 

a. The 2018 weighting has been applied to the 2018 GLMS publication

b. The results for the years 2006 up to and including April-June 2011 have been calculated using the 2014 LFS weights. 

The effect of the change in weighting is generally negligible (usually 0.1 percentage points or zero).

GLMS only provides simple outcome measures based on survey data and do not control for the differences in characteristics between graduates, postgraduates and non-graduates. This means that the outcomes reported may not be wholly attributable to the fact that an individual holds a particular qualification, but instead could reflect other factors, such as their wider skills, experience, or natural ability. That is, other factors such as regional variations, parental background, gender, innate ability or ethnicity may also have an impact on employment and earnings outcomes that we do not measure in this analysis.

For more detailed econometric analysis of the earnings and employment differentials between graduates and non-graduates, see research published by the DfE on the absolute[6] and lifetime[7] returns to undergraduate degrees, and previous BIS research on the impact of university degrees on the lifecycle of earnings[8].

The complete R code used in the 2018 GLMS publication, to derive the figures or their roots from the LFS, is included as a separate document that accompanies the publication on the gov.uk website.

The SPSS syntax, used in the publications in 2016 and before, to derive the figures or their roots from the LFS is included as a worksheet in the accompanying Excel workbooks available on the gov.uk website.

Conversion of quarterly data for the annual publication

All rates in the GLMS (employment rates, high skilled employment rates, unemployment rates and inactivity rates) are calculated for each quarter of LFS data individually and then the mean average taken to generate an annual rate, thus accounting for seasonality over the year. Respondents are interviewed for five successive waves at three-monthly intervals and 20% of the sample is replaced every quarter. They provide the data required to calculate the above rates in every quarter for five waves; this method makes sure that there is no double counting of respondents.

Respondents only provide earnings data in waves 1 and 5 of the survey compared to other key indicators such as employment that are reported for all waves. The respondent coloured green and circled in Figure 1 below is the same individual sampled. The respondent gives their salary in Q1 2014 and then also gives their salary in Q1 2015, regardless of whether it has changed or not but not in the three quarters in between.

Given that salary data is only collected in one quarter of each given year there is no risk of double counting the salary data of respondents when generating an annual nominal median salary. Therefore all median salary calculations in the GLMS give the median of all salary data collected for the specified population over the four quarters of data, thus accounting for seasonality over the year. Although the LFS has a slightly larger sample size in Q2, meaning that marginally more weight is placed on salary data in this quarter when calculating the annual nominal median salary, the benefit of a much larger sample size outweighs this small discrepancy. The method used here avoids calculating the figure for each quarter and then taking a mean average of them (the method used for calculating the above rates), but given the differences in how salary data is collected in the LFS (explained above) this would be a less statistically robust method.

Graduate breakdown definitions

The annual GLMS publication provides a more detailed focus on the employment and earnings outcomes of graduates by their specific characteristics. The breakdowns included are age group, gender, ethnicity, disability status, degree class, subject group, occupation and industry.

Age groups – 21-30 year olds; 31-40 year olds; 41-50 year olds; 51-60 year olds.

Gender – Male; Female.

Ethnicity – White; Asian; Black; Other. Asian is defined in the Labour Force Survey (LFS) as Asian or Asian British. Black is defined in the LFS as Black, African, Caribbean or Black British. Other combines four groups within the LFS; Mixed or Multiple ethnic groups, Chinese, Arab or Other ethnic group. Other has been combined together as at the disaggregated level the sample sizes were insufficient for robust analysis. The ‘Other’ ethnicity category includes graduates from a wide range of ethnic backgrounds. This category has been included for completeness within the data; however there is likely to be a high level of variation between graduates in this group and caution should be exercised when making comparisons with this group.

Disability status – Disabled; Not Disabled. This breakdown is based on the legal definition found in the Equality Act (2010) which defines a disability as “a physical or mental impairment which has a substantial and long-term adverse effect on your ability to carry out normal day-to-day activities”.

Degree class – First; Upper second (2:1); Lower second (2:2); Third.

Subject Group – Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM); Law, Economics and Management (LEM); Other Social Sciences, Arts and Humanities. STEM includes: medicine and dentistry; medical related subjects; biological sciences; agricultural sciences; physical and environmental sciences; mathematical sciences and computing’ engineering’ technology; architecture. LEM includes: law; economics; business and financial studies. OSSAH includes: mass communication and documentation; linguistics (English, Celtic and ancient); European languages; Eastern, Asiatic, African, American and Australasian languages and literature; humanities; arts; education. All of these subcategories are given as they are defined in the Labour Force Survey user guide.

Occupation – Managers, directors and senior officials (SOC 1); Professional occupations (SOC 2); Associate professional and technical occupations (SOC 3); Medium skilled employment (SOC 4-6); Low skilled employment (SOC 7-9).

Sector – Manufacturing; Construction; Distribution, hotels and restaurants; Transport and communication; Banking and finance; Public administration, education and health. All of these subcategories are given as they are defined in the Labour Force Survey user guide. Agriculture, forestry and fishing, energy and water and other services were excluded from the analysis due to small sample sizes that meant robust findings were not possible.

Revisions policy

There may be changes to the GLMS statistics produced should there be any changes to the Labour Force Survey questions or coverage, or changes in population weights as recommended by the ONS. Any changes to GLMS will be explained in an update to the Methodology Note.

 

[1] https://www.gov.uk/what-different-qualification-levels-mean/compare-different-qualification-levels

[2] See Table 6: https://www.hesa.ac.uk/data-and-analysis/sfr250/figure-6#

[3] https://www.ons.gov.uk/methodology/classificationsandstandards/standardoccupationalclassificationsoc/soc2010

[4] https://www.hesa.ac.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1899&Itemid=239#salary

[5] http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/method-quality/specific/labour-market/labour-market-statistics/index.html

[6] https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/759278/The_impact_of_undergraduate_degrees_on_early-career_earnings.pdf 

[7] https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/undergraduate-degrees-lifetime-labour-market-returns

[8] https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/229498/bis-13-899-the-impact-of-university-degrees-on-the-lifecycle-of-earnings-further-analysis.pdf

Annex A: List of qualifications within each category

Postgraduate

Master’s Degree 

PhD or Doctorate

Postgraduate Certificate in Education (PGCE)

Other Postgraduate Degree or Professional Qualification

Graduate

Bachelor’s Degree, also referred to as first degrees

Non-Graduate

Examples:

• Foundation Degrees (NQF Level 5)
• Higher National Diploma (NQF Level 5)
• Higher National Certification (NQF Level 4)
• A-Levels (NQF Level 3)
• Advanced Apprenticeship (NQF Level 3)
• GCSEs (NQF Level 2)
• Intermediate Apprenticeship (NQF Level 2)
• National Vocational Qualification Levels 1 - 4 (NQF Levels 1 - 5)
• Foundation Diploma (NQF Level 1)
• GCSE at grades D – G (NQF Level 1)
• No Qualifications

Qualifications not considered in this analysis

Undergraduate degrees that are not at Bachelors level

Professional Diplomas, Certificates or Awards at Levels 6, 7 or 8

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R Code

##This code imports LFS data from SPSS files and finds the employment rate and median salaries for graudates

#based on various characteristics

##

library("foreign")

library("plyr")

library("reshape2")

library("rlang")

library("spatstat")

library("dplyr")

library("lazyeval")

library("survey")

library("tidyr")

#######################################################

#           Functions used within the code            #

#######################################################

######################################################################################

#Add in the function to change SPSS data to R data

######################################################################################

readLFS<-function(quarter, year){

#Latest data

test<-read.spss(paste0("SPSS datasets/",year," Q",quarter,".sav"),to.data.frame=TRUE)

#Select variables needed

colnames<-c("COUNTRY","SEX","AGE", names(test[grep("PWT", names(test))]),  

           names(test[grep("PIWT", names(test))]),

           names(test[grep("HIQUAL", names(test))]),"HIGHO",

           names(test[grep("DEGREE", names(test))]),"SC2KMMJ",

           "SC10MMJ","ETH11EW",

           "SNGDEGB","SNGHD","FDSNGDEG","ILODEFR","DISEA","DEGCLS7",

           "FTPTWK","GRSSWK", "INDE07M","UALA","CASENO","GOVTOF2")

#not all variables are in each dataset

available_columns<-colnames[which(colnames %in% names(test))]

test2<- test[,available_columns]

#restrict to population in England aged 16-64

test2<-test2[which(test2$COUNTRY=="England" & test2$AGE>15 & test2$AGE<65),]

saveRDS(object = test2, file = paste0("Rds datasets/Q",quarter,"_",year,".rds"))

}

#This function will then read the csv, subset and filter as in the function above

#before saving as an RDS file.

Catch_remaining_datasets<-function(quarter, year){

 test <-read.csv(paste0("CSV datasets/", year," Q",quarter,".csv"))

 if(dim(test)[1]==0){#add in error warning  

   stop(return(paste0("Warning: dataset Q",quarter," ",year,"won't read from SPSS and doesn't exist as CSV:

                      convert SPSS file to CSV")))

 }

 colnames<-c("COUNTRY","SEX","AGE", names(test[grep("PWT", names(test))]),  

             names(test[grep("PIWT", names(test))]),

             names(test[grep("HIQUAL", names(test))]),"HIGHO",

             names(test[grep("DEGREE", names(test))]),"SC2KMMJ",

             "SC10MMJ","ETH11EW",

             "SNGDEGB","SNGHD","FDSNGDEG","ILODEFR","DISEA","DEGCLS7",

             "FTPTWK","GRSSWK", "INDE07M","UALA","CASENO","GOVTOF2")

 #not all variables are in each dataset

 available_columns<-colnames[which(colnames %in% names(test))]

 test2<- test[,available_columns]

 #restrict to population in England aged 16-64

 test2<-test2[which(test2$COUNTRY=="England" & test2$AGE>15 & test2$AGE<65),]

 saveRDS(object = test2, file = paste0("Rds datasets/Q",quarter,"_",year,".rds"))

 assign(paste0("Q",quarter,"_",year),test2,envir = globalenv())

 }

#This function calls up RDs files already saved and loads them into the global environment

read_LFS_from_project<-function(quarter, year){

 temp <-readRDS(paste0("Rds datasets/Q",quarter,"_", year,".rds"))

 assign(paste0("Q",quarter,"_",year),temp,envir = globalenv())

 if(dim(temp)[1]==0){#add in error warning  

   Catch_remaining_datasets(quarter, year)}

}

######################################################################################

#Add in the function to recode variables in the LFS to those used in the publication

######################################################################################

#Recode variables for ease of grouping in the publication.

recode_variables<- function(quarter, year){

#fetch the dataset from the global environment: for example Q1_2016

dataset<-get(paste0("Q",quarter,"_",year))

#use 'highqual15' for LFS beyond 2014

#For pre 2014 use HIQUAL11<- 2012-2014, HIQUAL5 2006-2011

hiqual_var<-names(dataset[grep("HIQUAL", names(dataset))])[1]

if(class(dataset[,c(hiqual_var)])=="numeric"){

 #add in error warning if not a factor/string variable

 paste0("Warning: dataset Q",quarter," ",year,"is missing factor levels in HIQUAL")

}

# Check if data is the right type, if not convert to a factor with the correct value levels.

if("HIQUAL15" %in% names(dataset)& class(dataset$HIQUAL15)=="numeric"){  

 dataset$HIQUAL15<- as.factor(dataset$HIQUAL15)

 levels(dataset$HIQUAL15)<-high_qual15

}  

##Define Graduate Type

#Define graduates, postgraduates and non-graduates  

dataset$Graduate_Type<-NA  

if("DEGREE71" %in% names(dataset)){

dataset$Graduate_Type[(dataset[,c(hiqual_var)]=="First degree/foundation degree"|

                        dataset[,c(hiqual_var)]=="First/Foundation degree"

                      ) & (

                    dataset$DEGREE71=="first degree" |

                    dataset$DEGREE72=="first degree" |

                    dataset$DEGREE73=="first degree" |

                    dataset$DEGREE74=="first degree" |

                    dataset$DEGREE75=="first degree" )]<-"Graduate"}

if("DEGREE4" %in% names(dataset)){

 dataset$Graduate_Type[(dataset[,c(hiqual_var)]=="First degree/foundation degree"|

                          dataset[,c(hiqual_var)]=="First/Foundation degree"

                        ) & (

                     dataset$DEGREE4=="A first degree"  )]<-"Graduate"}

dataset$Graduate_Type[dataset[,c(hiqual_var)]=="Higher degree"  

                     & dataset$HIGHO != "Dont know"]<-"PostGrad"

dataset$Graduate_Type[dataset[,c(hiqual_var)]=="Level 8 Diploma"|

                       dataset[,c(hiqual_var)]=="Level 8 Certificate"|

                       dataset[,c(hiqual_var)]=="Level 8 Award"|

                       dataset[,c(hiqual_var)]=="Level 7 Certificate"|

                       dataset[,c(hiqual_var)]=="Level 7 Diploma"|

                       dataset[,c(hiqual_var)]=='Level 7 Award'|

                       dataset[,c(hiqual_var)]=='Level 6 Award'|

                       dataset[,c(hiqual_var)]=='Level 6 Certificate'|

                       dataset[,c(hiqual_var)]=='Level 6 Diploma'|

                       dataset[,c(hiqual_var)]=="Don.t know"|

                       dataset[,c(hiqual_var)]=="Don't know"|

                       dataset[,c(hiqual_var)]=="Did not know"|

                       (dataset[,c(hiqual_var)]=="Higher degree" & dataset$HIGHO =="Dont know")|

                       (dataset[,c(hiqual_var)]=="Higher degree" & is.na(dataset$HIGHO))

                     ]<-"Not in scope"

#Set everyone who isn't a graduate, post graduate or not in scope to a non graduate

dataset$Graduate_Type[is.na(dataset$Graduate_Type)]<-"Non Grad"

# AgeGroup.

dataset$AgeGroup[dataset$AGE %in% 16:20]<-"16-20"

dataset$AgeGroup[dataset$AGE %in% 21:30]<-"21-30"

dataset$AgeGroup[dataset$AGE %in% 31:40]<-"31-40"

dataset$AgeGroup[dataset$AGE %in% 41:50]<-"41-50"

dataset$AgeGroup[dataset$AGE %in% 51:60]<-"51-60"

#Note error in 2016 (age 60 in last bracket)

dataset$AgeGroup[dataset$AGE %in% 61:64]<-"61-64"

#The remaining variables are added to the latest datasets

if("SC10MMJ" %in% names(dataset)){

#Define skilled occupation groupings

SOCHE1<-c("1  'Managers, Directors And Senior Officials'"        

         ,"2  'Professional Occupations'"                        

         ,"3  'Associate Professional And Technical Occupations'")

SOCHE2<-c("4  'Administrative And Secretarial Occupations'"      

         ,"5  'Skilled Trades Occupations'"                      

         ,"6  'Caring, Leisure And Other Service Occupations'"  )

SOCHE3<-c("7  'Sales And Customer Service Occupations'"          

         ,"8  'Process, Plant And Machine Operatives'"            

         ,"9  'Elementary Occupations'"  )

dataset$SOCHE[dataset$SC10MMJ %in% SOCHE1]<-"High Skilled Employment"

dataset$SOCHE[dataset$SC10MMJ %in% SOCHE2]<-"Medium Skilled Employment"

dataset$SOCHE[dataset$SC10MMJ %in% SOCHE3]<-"Low Skilled Employment"

dataset$SOCHE[is.na(dataset$SOCHE)]<-"Else"

}

#Define skilled occupation groupings

if("SC2KMMJ" %in% names(dataset)){

SOCHE1<-c("1  'Managers and Senior Officials'"          

         ,"2  'Professional occupations'"                            

         ,"3  'Associate Professional and Technical'" )

SOCHE2<-c("4  'Administrative and Secretarial'"        

         ,"5  'Skilled Trades Occupations'"                      

         ,"6  'Personal Service Occupations'"  )

SOCHE3<-c("7  'Sales and Customer Service Occupations'"          

         ,"8  'Process, Plant and Machine Operatives'"            

         ,"9  'Elementary Occupations'"  )

dataset$SOCHE[dataset$SC2KMMJ %in% SOCHE1]<-"High Skilled Employment"

dataset$SOCHE[dataset$SC2KMMJ %in% SOCHE2]<-"Medium Skilled Employment"

dataset$SOCHE[dataset$SC2KMMJ %in% SOCHE3]<-"Low Skilled Employment"

dataset$SOCHE[is.na(dataset$SOCHE)]<-"Else"

}

if("ETH11EW" %in% names(dataset)){

#Define ethnic group

dataset$ETHNICITY<-dataset$ETH11EW

dataset$ETHNICITY[dataset$ETH11EW %in% c("Mixed / Multiple ethnic groups" ,"Chinese","Arab")]<-"Other ethnic group."    

}

#Define Subject Type

if("SNGDEGB" %in% names(dataset)){

dataset$STEM[dataset$SNGDEGB %in% 1:9]<- 1

#10.1~Economics, Law, Business

dataset$LEM[dataset$SNGDEGB %in% 11:12| (substr(dataset$FDSNGDEG,1,4)=="10.1"  

                                        & dataset$Graduate_Type=="Graduate")|

             (substr(dataset$SNGHD,1,4)=="10.1"  

              & dataset$Graduate_Type=="PostGrad")]<-1

#10.0~Social Studies

#10.2:10.9~Politics, Sociology, Social Policy, Social Work,Anthropology,  

#Human and Social Geography, Other Social Studies

#

dataset$OSSAH[dataset$SNGDEGB %in% 13:19|  

                (substr(dataset$FDSNGDEG,1,4) %in% c("10.0","10.2","10.3","10.4","10.5",

                                                 "10.6","10.7","10.8","10.9")

                  & dataset$Graduate_Type=="Graduate")|

               (substr(dataset$SNGHD,1,4) %in% c("10.0","10.2","10.3","10.4","10.5",

                                                    "10.6","10.7","10.8","10.9")

                & dataset$Graduate_Type=="PostGrad")]<-1

}

if("SC10MMJ" %in% names(dataset)){

#* Occupation.

dataset$Occupation<-dataset$SC10MMJ

dataset$Occupation<-factor(dataset$Occupation, levels=c(levels(dataset$Occupation),"10 'Medium Skilled Employment'","11 'Low Skilled Employment'"))

dataset$Occupation[dataset$SC10MMJ %in% c("4  'Administrative And Secretarial Occupations'",      

                                        "5  'Skilled Trades Occupations'",

                                        "6  'Caring, Leisure And Other Service Occupations'")]<-"10 'Medium Skilled Employment'"

dataset$Occupation[dataset$SC10MMJ %in% c("7  'Sales And Customer Service Occupations'" , "8  'Process, Plant And Machine Operatives'"            

                                         ,"9  'Elementary Occupations'" )]<-"11 'Low Skilled Employment'"

}

#Labels Occupation      

#1 'Managers, Directors and Senior Officials'

#2 'Professional Occupations'

#3 'Associate Professional and Technical Occupations'  

#10 'Medium Skilled Employment'        

#11 'Low Skilled Employment'.

assign(paste0("Q",quarter,"_",year),dataset,envir = globalenv())

}

#########################################################################################

#                           Employment rate by demographic                              #

#########################################################################################

#Headline stats:

 #for 16-64s

 Headline_stats_function<-function(all,agebracket){

   #subset data if needed

   if(agebracket=="16-64"){all<- all}else{all<-all[which(all$AgeGroup=="21-30"),]}

   all %>%

     group_by(Graduate_Type)%>% summarise(total=sum(freq),sample=sum(sample))->full_pop

   types<-full_pop["Graduate_Type"]

   all[which(all$ILODEFR=="In employment"),] %>%

     group_by(Graduate_Type)%>% summarise(count=sum(freq),sample=sum(sample))%>%

     merge(x=types, y=., by=c("Graduate_Type"), all.x=TRUE)->in_employment

   all[which(all$ILODEFR=="In employment" & all$SOCHE=="High Skilled Employment"),] %>%

     group_by(Graduate_Type)%>% summarise(count=sum(freq),sample=sum(sample))%>%

     merge(x=types, y=., by=c("Graduate_Type"), all.x=TRUE)->in_HSemployment

   all[which(all$ILODEFR=="ILO unemployed"),] %>%

     group_by(Graduate_Type)%>% summarise(count=sum(freq),sample=sum(sample))%>%

     merge(x=types, y=., by=c("Graduate_Type"), all.x=TRUE)->unemployed

   all[which(all$ILODEFR=="Inactive"),] %>%

     group_by(Graduate_Type)%>% summarise(count=sum(freq),sample=sum(sample))%>%

     merge(x=types, y=., by=c("Graduate_Type"), all.x=TRUE)->inactive

   Headline_stats<-data.frame( in_employment$Graduate_Type,

                               in_employment$count/full_pop$total,  

                               in_HSemployment$count/full_pop$total,

                               unemployed$count/(unemployed$count + in_employment$count),

                               inactive$count/full_pop$total,

                               in_employment$sample,

                               in_HSemployment$sample,

                               unemployed$sample,

                               inactive$sample,

                               in_employment$count,

                               in_HSemployment$count,

                               unemployed$count,

                               inactive$count)

   Headline_stats$Age_range<-agebracket

   colnames(Headline_stats)<-c("Population","Employment_rate","High_skill_emp_rate","Unemployment_rate","Inactivity_rate",

                               "Employed sample","HS employed sample", "unemployed sample", "inactive sample","employed total","HS employed total",

                               "unemployed total","inactive total","Age_range")

   Headline_stats<-Headline_stats[c("Age_range","Population","Employment_rate","High_skill_emp_rate","Unemployment_rate","Inactivity_rate",

                                    "Employed sample","HS employed sample", "unemployed sample", "inactive sample","employed total","HS employed total",

                                    "unemployed total","inactive total")]

 }

 Employment_rate<-function(quarter, year){

   #get the dataset from the global environment

   dataset<-get(paste0("Q",quarter,"_",year))

   #find the weight variable

   weight<-tail(sort(names(dataset[grep("PWT", names(dataset))])),1)

   dataset<-dataset[which(dataset[,weight]>0),]

 # count all people by age, graduate type, ILO employment status and SOC group: weight people by the weight variable  (such as PWT16)

 #also note sample size

 all<-dataset%>%

   group_by(AgeGroup,Graduate_Type,ILODEFR,SOCHE) %>%

   summarise(freq=sum(!!sym(weight)), sample=n())

 Headline_stats<-Headline_stats_function(all,"16-64")

 #Headline stats for 21-30s

 Headline_stats_young<-Headline_stats_function(all,"21-30")

 headline_stats<-rbind(Headline_stats,Headline_stats_young)

 assign(paste0("Headline_Q",quarter,"_",year),headline_stats,envir = globalenv())

 #write.csv(headline_stats,paste0("Outputs for GLMS/Headline_Q",quarter,"_",year,".csv"))

}

#combine employment rates for each quarter into a yearly mean average

year_average_employment_rate<-function(year){

 #select dataset: for example if quarter =1 and year =2016 this will get Q1_2016 and set this to 'dataset'

 dataset1<-get(paste0("Headline_Q1_",year))

 dataset2<-get(paste0("Headline_Q2_",year))

 dataset3<-get(paste0("Headline_Q3_",year))

 dataset4<-get(paste0("Headline_Q4_",year))

 year_data<-rbind(dataset1,dataset2,dataset3,dataset4)

 year_data%>%

   group_by( Age_range, Population) %>%

   summarise(Employment_rate=mean.default(Employment_rate),  

             High_skill_emp_rate= mean.default(High_skill_emp_rate),

             Unemployment_rate=mean.default(Unemployment_rate),  

             inactivity_rate= mean.default(Inactivity_rate),

             employed_sample=sum(`Employed sample`),  

             HS_employed_sample= sum(`HS employed sample`),

             unemployed_sample=sum(`unemployed sample`),  

             inactive_sample=sum(`inactive sample`),

             employed_total=sum(`employed total`),  

             HS_employed_total=sum(`HS employed total`),

             unemployed_total=sum(`unemployed total`),  

             inactive_total=sum(`inactive total`)) -> year_average

 year_average$year<-year

 assign(paste0("Headline_",year),year_average,envir = globalenv())

 #write.csv(year_average,paste0("Outputs for GLMS/Headline_",year,".csv"))

}

Employment_counts_by<-function(dataset,demographic){

 weight<-tail(sort(names(dataset[grep("PWT", names(dataset))])),1)

 as.data.frame(

   dataset%>%

     group_by_(demographic,"Graduate_Type","ILODEFR","SOCHE")%>%

     dplyr::summarise(sample=n(),

                      population=sum(!!sym(weight))))

}

variable_splits<-function(dataset, variable_y){

 dataset %>%

   group_by_(variable_y)%>% summarise(total=sum(population))->full_pop

 dataset[which(dataset$ILODEFR=="In employment"),] %>%

   group_by_(variable_y)%>% summarise(employed.count=sum(population), employed.sample=sum(sample))->in_employment

 dataset[which(dataset$ILODEFR=="In employment" & dataset$SOCHE=="High Skilled Employment"),] %>%

   group_by_(variable_y)%>% summarise(HSemp.count=sum(population),HSemp.sample=sum(sample))->in_HSemployment

 dataset[which(dataset$ILODEFR=="ILO unemployed"),] %>%

   group_by_(variable_y)%>% summarise(Unemp.count=sum(population),Unemp.sample=sum(sample))->unemployed

 dataset[which(dataset$ILODEFR=="Inactive"),] %>%

   group_by_(variable_y)%>% summarise(Inactive.count=sum(population),Inactive.sample=sum(sample))->inactive

 list<-list(full_pop,in_employment,in_HSemployment, unemployed,inactive)

 total_count<-Reduce(function(x, y) merge(x, y, all.x=T,  

                                          by=c(variable_y)), list, accumulate=F)

 Graduate_breakdown<-data.frame( total_count[variable_y],

                                 total_count$employed.count/total_count$total,  

                                 total_count$employed.sample,

                                 total_count$HSemp.count/total_count$total,  

                                 total_count$HSemp.sample,

                                 total_count$Unemp.count/(total_count$Unemp.count + total_count$employed.count),

                                 total_count$Unemp.sample,

                                 total_count$Inactive.count/total_count$total,

                                 total_count$Inactive.sample)

 colnames(Graduate_breakdown)<-c("Breakdown","Employment_rate","Employed_sample",

                                 "High_skill_emp_rate","High_Skill_employed_sample",

                                 "Unemployment_rate","Unemployed_sample",

                                 "Inactivity_rate","Inactive_sample")

 return(Graduate_breakdown)

}

#provide employment rates for the year broken down by characteristic

Graduate_breakdown<-function(quarter,year){

 #select dataset: for example if quarter =1 and year =2016 this will get Q1_2016 and set this to 'dataset'

 dataset<-get(paste0("Q",quarter,"_",year))

 #reduce dataset to just graduates

 dataset<-dataset[which(dataset$Graduate_Type=="Graduate"),]

 Employment_counts_by(dataset,"AgeGroup")%>%  variable_splits(.,"AgeGroup")->Age_group_rates

 Age_group_rates$Population<-"AgeGroup"

 Employment_counts_by(dataset,"SEX") %>% variable_splits(.,"SEX")->Gender_rates

 Gender_rates$Population<-"SEX"

 Employment_counts_by(dataset,"ETHNICITY") %>% variable_splits(.,"ETHNICITY")->Ethnicity_rates

 Ethnicity_rates$Population<-"ETHNICITY"

 Employment_counts_by(dataset,"DISEA") %>% variable_splits(.,"DISEA")->Disability_rates

 Disability_rates$Population<-"DISEA"

 Employment_counts_by(dataset,"DEGCLS7") %>% variable_splits(.,"DEGCLS7")->Degree_class_rates

 Degree_class_rates$Population<-"DEGCLS7"

 Employment_counts_by(dataset,"STEM") %>% variable_splits(.,"STEM")->STEM_rates

 STEM_rates$Population<-"STEM"

 Employment_counts_by(dataset,"LEM") %>% variable_splits(.,"LEM")->LEM_rates

 LEM_rates$Population<-"LEM"

 Employment_counts_by(dataset,"OSSAH") %>% variable_splits(.,"OSSAH")->OSSAH_rates

 OSSAH_rates$Population<-"OSSAH"

 Employment_counts_by(dataset,"GOVTOF2") %>% variable_splits(.,"GOVTOF2")->Region_rates

 Region_rates$Population<-"GOVTOF2"

 quarter<-rbind(Age_group_rates,Gender_rates,Ethnicity_rates, Disability_rates, Degree_class_rates,

                STEM_rates, LEM_rates, OSSAH_rates,Region_rates)

 quarter$Group<-"Graduates:16-64"

 #reduce dataset to just young graduates

 dataset<-dataset[which(dataset$Graduate_Type=="Graduate" & dataset$AgeGroup=="21-30"),]

 Employment_counts_by(dataset,"SEX") %>% variable_splits(.,"SEX")->Gender_rates

 Gender_rates$Population<-"SEX"

 Employment_counts_by(dataset,"ETHNICITY") %>% variable_splits(.,"ETHNICITY")->Ethnicity_rates

 Ethnicity_rates$Population<-"ETHNICITY"

 Employment_counts_by(dataset,"DISEA") %>% variable_splits(.,"DISEA")->Disability_rates

 Disability_rates$Population<-"DISEA"

 Employment_counts_by(dataset,"DEGCLS7") %>% variable_splits(.,"DEGCLS7")->Degree_class_rates

 Degree_class_rates$Population<-"DEGCLS7"

 Employment_counts_by(dataset,"STEM") %>% variable_splits(.,"STEM")->STEM_rates

 STEM_rates$Population<-"STEM"

 Employment_counts_by(dataset,"LEM") %>% variable_splits(.,"LEM")->LEM_rates

 LEM_rates$Population<-"LEM"

 Employment_counts_by(dataset,"OSSAH") %>% variable_splits(.,"OSSAH")->OSSAH_rates

 OSSAH_rates$Population<-"OSSAH"

 Employment_counts_by(dataset,"GOVTOF2") %>% variable_splits(.,"GOVTOF2")->Region_rates

 Region_rates$Population<-"GOVTOF2"

 quarter2<-rbind(Age_group_rates,Gender_rates,Ethnicity_rates, Disability_rates, Degree_class_rates,

                 STEM_rates, LEM_rates, OSSAH_rates,Region_rates)

 quarter2$Group<-"Graduates:21-30"

 quarter<-rbind(quarter,quarter2)

 return(quarter)

}

Graduate_breakdown_year<-function(year){

 #select dataset: for example if quarter =1 and year =2016 this will get Q1_2016 and set this to 'dataset'

 dataset1<-Graduate_breakdown(1,year)

 dataset2<-Graduate_breakdown(2,year)

 dataset3<-Graduate_breakdown(3,year)

 dataset4<-Graduate_breakdown(4,year)

 year_data<- rbind(dataset1,dataset2,dataset3,dataset4)

 means<-ddply(year_data, .(Group,Population, Breakdown), colwise(mean, .(Employment_rate,  

                                                                         High_skill_emp_rate,  

                                                                         Unemployment_rate, Inactivity_rate),na.rm=TRUE))

 samples<-ddply(year_data, .(Group,Population, Breakdown),colwise(sum, .(Employed_sample,  

                                                                         High_Skill_employed_sample,  

                                                                         Unemployed_sample, Inactive_sample),na.rm=TRUE))

 output<-merge(x=means, y=samples, by=c("Group","Population","Breakdown"), all=TRUE)

 output<-output[c("Group",

                  "Population",

                  "Breakdown",

                  "Employment_rate",

                  "Employed_sample",

                  "High_skill_emp_rate",

                  "High_Skill_employed_sample",

                  "Unemployment_rate",

                  "Unemployed_sample",

                  "Inactivity_rate",

                  "Inactive_sample")]

 assign(paste0("Graduate_breakdown_",year),output,envir = globalenv())

 write.csv(output,paste0("Outputs for GLMS/Graduate_breakdown_",year,".csv"))

}

#########################################################################################

#                           Average Salary by demographic                              #

#########################################################################################

#Find the median, lower and upper quartiles of salaries by demographic characteristic, and reshape (melt) data to have the characteristic as a variable rather than  

#column name

#This  uses a weighted average method to provide an unbiased estimate. (as in method 2 here: https://www.xycoon.com/quartiles.htm)

Average_salary_by<-function(dataset,demographic){

 #find the weight variable

 weight<-tail(sort(names(dataset[grep("PIWT", names(dataset))])),1)

 dataset%>%

   group_by_at(demographic)%>%

   dplyr::summarise(p25=weighted.quantile(GRSSWK, !!sym(weight), probs=0.25),

                    median=weighted.median(GRSSWK,!!sym(weight)),

                    p90=weighted.quantile(GRSSWK, !!sym(weight), probs=0.90),

                    mean=weighted.mean(GRSSWK,!!sym(weight)),

                    sample=n(),

                    population=sum(!!sym(weight)))%>%  

   as.data.frame()%>%  

   mutate(variable=paste0(demographic, collapse = "_"))

 #take a dataset; based on the demographic characeristic separate the dataet into groups; find the quartiles and median of GRSSWK (gross weekly pay) and weight on PIWT16

 #reshape dataset for ease of output- turn the demographic into a variable rather than a column heading

}

Average_Salaries<-function(year){

 #select dataset:  

 dataset1<-get(paste0("Q1_",year))

 dataset2<-get(paste0("Q2_",year))

 dataset3<-get(paste0("Q3_",year))

 dataset4<-get(paste0("Q4_",year))

 #rename weight variable

 reformat_dataset<-function(dataset){

 colnames<-c(tail(sort(names(dataset[grep("PIWT", names(dataset))])),1),

             "Graduate_Type",

             "AgeGroup",

             "SEX",

             "ILODEFR",

             "FTPTWK",

             "GRSSWK")

 dataset<- dataset[,colnames]

 weight_var<-tail(sort(names(dataset[grep("PIWT", names(dataset))])),1)

 weight_index<-match(colnames(dataset),weight_var,0)

 colnames(dataset)[colnames(dataset) %in% weight_var]  <- c("PIWT")

 return(dataset)

 }

 dataset1<-reformat_dataset(dataset1)

 dataset2<-reformat_dataset(dataset2)

 dataset3<-reformat_dataset(dataset3)

 dataset4<-reformat_dataset(dataset4)

 dataset<-rbind(dataset1, dataset2, dataset3, dataset4)

  #Restrict to just those in full time employment

dataset<-dataset[which(dataset$FTPTWK=="Full-time" & dataset$ILODEFR=="In employment"),]

#find the weight variable for the dataset

weight<-tail(sort(names(dataset[grep("PIWT", names(dataset))])),1)

 #restrict to just those with an income weight. Those with 0 weight wouldn't be included in the weighted median anyway, but removing at this stage speeds up computation.

 dataset<-dataset[which(dataset[,weight]!=0),]

 #################################################

 #     Gross Weekly pay in main job-             #

 #################################################

 ##Split by Age, Gender and Graduate Type

 all_age_sex<-Average_salary_by(dataset,c("AgeGroup","SEX", "Graduate_Type"))

 ##Split by Age and Graduate Type

 all_age<-Average_salary_by(dataset,c("AgeGroup", "Graduate_Type"))

 #add extra variable to show this is for any gender

 all_age$SEX<-"Total"

 ##Split by Gender and Graduate Type

 all_sex<-Average_salary_by(dataset,c("SEX", "Graduate_Type"))

 #add extra variable to show this is for any age

 all_sex$AgeGroup<-"Total"

#Just split by graduate type (i.e. across all agebands)

 #Use the function just defined above

 all_total<-  Average_salary_by(dataset,"Graduate_Type")

#Add in an 'agegroup' for the average weekly salaries by graduate type and rename the column headers: this way we can merge the datasets as they'll have the same headers

 all_total$AgeGroup<-"Total"

 all_total$SEX<-"All"

 #append the average salaries for people by graduate type and ageband with those for all agebands.

 all_sal<-rbind(all_age, all_total, all_sex , all_age_sex)

 all_sal$year<-year

 #rename the young_grad_sal dataset to reference the year and quarter it's run on and output to the global environment.

 assign(paste0("Sal_",year),all_sal,envir = globalenv())

 #Also write to an Excel file for ease of use by economics team.

 #write.csv(all_sal,paste0("Outputs for GLMS/SAL_",year,".csv"))

}

 #############################################################################################

 #                 Restrict to just graduates: Graduate Breakdown salaries                                                #

 #                 Most recent year only

 #############################################################################################

 Graduate_breakdown_salaries<-function(year){

   #select dataset: for example if quarter =1 and year =2016 this will get Q1_2016 and set this to 'dataset'

   dataset1<-get(paste0("Q1_",year))

   dataset2<-get(paste0("Q2_",year))

   dataset3<-get(paste0("Q3_",year))

   dataset4<-get(paste0("Q4_",year))

   dataset<-rbind(dataset1, dataset2, dataset3, dataset4)

   #Restrict to just those in full time employment

   dataset<-dataset[which(dataset$FTPTWK=="Full-time" & dataset$ILODEFR=="In employment"),]

   #find the weight variable for the dataset

   weight<-tail(sort(names(dataset[grep("PIWT", names(dataset))])),1)

   #restrict to just those with an income weight. Those with 0 weight wouldn't be included in the weighted median anyway, but removing at this stage speeds up computation.

   dataset<-dataset[which(dataset[,weight]!=0),]

 #restrict to just graduates

 dataset<-dataset[which(dataset$Graduate_Type=="Graduate"),]

 #Average salary by ageband

 age<-Average_salary_by(dataset,"AgeGroup")

 age<-dplyr::rename(age, Value=AgeGroup)

 #Repeat for average salary by gender

 sex<-Average_salary_by(dataset,"SEX")

 sex<-dplyr::rename(sex, Value=SEX)

 #Average salary by ethnicity

 ethnicity<-Average_salary_by(dataset,"ETHNICITY")

 ethnicity<-dplyr::rename(ethnicity, Value=ETHNICITY)

 #Average salary by disability status

 disability<-Average_salary_by(dataset,"DISEA")

 disability<-dplyr::rename(disability, Value=DISEA)

 #Average salary by degree classification

 degreeclass<-Average_salary_by(dataset,"DEGCLS7")

 degreeclass<-dplyr::rename(degreeclass, Value=DEGCLS7)

 #Average salary by STEM/non-STEM graduates

 stem<-Average_salary_by(dataset,"STEM")

 stem<-dplyr::rename(stem, Value=STEM)

 stem$Value<-as.character(stem$Value)

 #Average salary by LEM/non-LEM graduates

 lem<-Average_salary_by(dataset,"LEM")

 lem<-dplyr::rename(lem, Value=LEM)

 lem$Value<-as.character(lem$Value)

 #Average salary by OSSAH/non-OSSAH graduates

 ossah<-Average_salary_by(dataset,"OSSAH")

 ossah<-dplyr::rename(ossah, Value=OSSAH)

 ossah$Value<-as.character(ossah$Value)

 #Average salary by occupational group

 occupation<-Average_salary_by(dataset,"Occupation")

 occupation<-dplyr::rename(occupation, Value=Occupation)

#Average salary by industry category

 industry<-Average_salary_by(dataset,"INDE07M")

 industry<-dplyr::rename(industry, Value=INDE07M)

 #Average salary by region  

 region<-Average_salary_by(dataset,"GOVTOF2")

 region<-dplyr::rename(region, Value=GOVTOF2)

 #Average salary by Sex and industry category

 industry_sex<-Average_salary_by(dataset,c("SEX","INDE07M"))

 industry_sex<-dplyr::rename(industry_sex, Value=SEX,Value1=INDE07M)

 #append datasets to each other to create one dataset of graduate salaries for different demographic characteristics

     grad_sal<-bind_rows(list(age,  

                   sex,

                   ethnicity,

                   disability,  

                   degreeclass,  

                   stem,  

                   lem,

                   ossah,

                   occupation,  

                   industry,

                   region,

                   industry_sex))

 #rename the grad_sal dataset to reference the year and quarter it's run on and output to the global environment.

 assign(paste0("grad_sal_",year),grad_sal,envir = globalenv())

 #Also write to an Excel file for ease of use by economics team.

 write.csv(grad_sal,paste0("Outputs for GLMS/GRAD_SAL_",year,".csv"))

 #########################################################

 #         Repeat but just for young graduates(21-30)   #

 #########################################################

 dataset<-dataset[which(dataset$Graduate_Type=="Graduate" & dataset$AgeGroup=="21-30"),]

 #Average salary by ageband

 age<-Average_salary_by(dataset,"AgeGroup")

 age<-dplyr::rename(age, Value=AgeGroup)

 #Repeat for average salary by gender

 sex<-Average_salary_by(dataset,"SEX")

 sex<-dplyr::rename(sex, Value=SEX)

 #Average salary by ethnicity

 ethnicity<-Average_salary_by(dataset,"ETHNICITY")

 ethnicity<-dplyr::rename(ethnicity, Value=ETHNICITY)

 #Average salary by disability status

 disability<-Average_salary_by(dataset,"DISEA")

 disability<-dplyr::rename(disability, Value=DISEA)

 #Average salary by degree classification

 degreeclass<-Average_salary_by(dataset,"DEGCLS7")

 degreeclass<-dplyr::rename(degreeclass, Value=DEGCLS7)

 #Average salary by STEM/non-STEM graduates

 stem<-Average_salary_by(dataset,"STEM")

 stem<-dplyr::rename(stem, Value=STEM)

 stem$Value<-as.character(stem$Value)

 #Average salary by LEM/non-LEM graduates

 lem<-Average_salary_by(dataset,"LEM")

 lem<-dplyr::rename(lem, Value=LEM)

 lem$Value<-as.character(lem$Value)

 #Average salary by OSSAH/non-OSSAH graduates

 ossah<-Average_salary_by(dataset,"OSSAH")

 ossah<-dplyr::rename(ossah, Value=OSSAH)

 ossah$Value<-as.character(ossah$Value)

 #Average salary by occupational group

 occupation<-Average_salary_by(dataset,"Occupation")

 occupation<-dplyr::rename(occupation, Value=Occupation)

 #Average salary by industry category

 industry<-Average_salary_by(dataset,"INDE07M")

 industry<-dplyr::rename(industry, Value=INDE07M)

 #Average salary by region  

 region<-Average_salary_by(dataset,"GOVTOF2")

 region<-dplyr::rename(region, Value=GOVTOF2)

 #Average salary by Sex and industry category

 industry_sex<-Average_salary_by(dataset,c("SEX","INDE07M"))

 industry_sex<-dplyr::rename(industry_sex, Value=SEX,Value1=INDE07M)

 #append datasets to each other to create one dataset of graduate salaries for different demographic characteristics

     young_grad_sal<-bind_rows(list(age,  

                         sex,  

                         ethnicity,

                         disability,

                         degreeclass,

                         stem,  

                         lem,  

                         ossah,

                         occupation,  

                         industry,

                         region,

                         industry_sex))

 #rename the young_grad_sal dataset to reference the year and quarter it's run on and output to the global environment.

 assign(paste0("young_grad_sal_",year),young_grad_sal,envir = globalenv())

 # write to an Excel file  

 write.csv(young_grad_sal,paste0("Outputs for GLMS/YOUNG_GRAD_SAL_",year,".csv"))

 }

#######################################

#And confidence intervals

#######################################

# See link below for a discussion of accounting for survey design and weighting

# https://www.ons.gov.uk/methodology/methodologicalpublications/generalmethodology/onsworkingpaperseries/onsmethodologyworkingpaperseriesno9guidetocalculatingstandarderrorsforonssocialsurveys#accounting-for-the-estimation-method

#options(survey.lonely.psu="fail") #default option

options(survey.lonely.psu="adjust") #lonley PSUs make no contribution to the variance.

confidence_intervals<-function(quarter,year,young){

 dataset_name<-paste0("Q",quarter,"_",year)

 dataset<-get(dataset_name)

 #find the weight variable

  weight<-tail(sort(names(dataset[grep("PWT", names(dataset))])),1)

dataset<-dataset[which(dataset[,weight]>=0),]

 #subest to 21-30s if young=TRUE

 if(young==TRUE){dataset<-dataset[which(dataset$AgeGroup=="21-30"),]}

 dataset$hhld_id<-substring(dataset$CASENO,1,13)

 #define graduates, post graduates and non_graduates

 dataset$Grad<-0

 dataset$Grad[dataset$Graduate_Type=="Graduate"]<-1

 dataset$PostGrad<-0

 dataset$PostGrad[dataset$Graduate_Type=="PostGrad"]<-1

 dataset$NonGrad<-0

 dataset$NonGrad[dataset$Graduate_Type=="Non Grad"]<-1

 #define employed graduates, post graduate and non graduates

 dataset$Emp_Grad<-0

 dataset$Emp_Grad[dataset$ILODEFR=="In employment" & dataset$Graduate_Type=="Graduate"]<-1

 dataset$Emp_PostGrad<-0

 dataset$Emp_PostGrad[dataset$ILODEFR=="In employment" & dataset$Graduate_Type=="PostGrad"]<-1

 dataset$Emp_NonGrad<-0

 dataset$Emp_NonGrad[dataset$ILODEFR=="In employment" & dataset$Graduate_Type=="Non Grad"]<-1

 #define graduates, post graduates and non graduates in high skilled employment

 dataset$HSEmp_Grad<-0

 dataset$HSEmp_Grad[dataset$ILODEFR=="In employment" & dataset$Graduate_Type=="Graduate"&  

                      dataset$SOCHE=="High Skilled Employment"]<-1

 dataset$HSEmp_PostGrad<-0

 dataset$HSEmp_PostGrad[dataset$ILODEFR=="In employment" & dataset$Graduate_Type=="PostGrad"&  

                          dataset$SOCHE=="High Skilled Employment"]<-1

 dataset$HSEmp_NonGrad<-0

 dataset$HSEmp_NonGrad[dataset$ILODEFR=="In employment" & dataset$Graduate_Type=="Non Grad"&  

                         dataset$SOCHE=="High Skilled Employment"]<-1

 #define Unemployed graduates, post graduate and non graduates

 dataset$Unemp_Grad<-0

 dataset$Unemp_Grad[dataset$ILODEFR=="ILO unemployed" & dataset$Graduate_Type=="Graduate"]<-1

 dataset$Unemp_PostGrad<-0

 dataset$Unemp_PostGrad[dataset$ILODEFR=="ILO unemployed" & dataset$Graduate_Type=="PostGrad"]<-1

 dataset$Unemp_NonGrad<-0

 dataset$Unemp_NonGrad[dataset$ILODEFR=="ILO unemployed" & dataset$Graduate_Type=="Non Grad"]<-1

 #define economically active graduates, post graduate and non graduates

 dataset$Act_Grad<-0

 dataset$Act_Grad[(dataset$ILODEFR=="ILO unemployed"| dataset$ILODEFR=="In employment")

                  & dataset$Graduate_Type=="Graduate"]<-1

 dataset$Act_PostGrad<-0

 dataset$Act_PostGrad[(dataset$ILODEFR=="ILO unemployed"| dataset$ILODEFR=="In employment")  

                      & dataset$Graduate_Type=="PostGrad"]<-1

 dataset$Act_NonGrad<-0

 dataset$Act_NonGrad[(dataset$ILODEFR=="ILO unemployed"| dataset$ILODEFR=="In employment")

                     & dataset$Graduate_Type=="Non Grad"]<-1

 #dataset<<-dataset

 #Define the survey design:

 #clusters- households

 #strata- low level area identifier (Unitary Local Authoritary)

 #weight- person weight

 weight_formula<-as.formula(paste0("~",weight))

 surveydesign<-svydesign(id=hhld_id, data=dataset, strata=UALA, weight=weight_formula,nest=TRUE)

 #surveydesign<<-surveydesign

 #work out the standard error for graduates

 #Note the programe saves the variance = SE^2

 ratio_and_confidence_int<-function(Numerator_input, Demoninator_input){

   Numerator<-as.formula(paste0("~",Numerator_input))

   Denominator<-as.formula(paste0("~",Demoninator_input))

   #calcualte mean and standard error

   ratio_output<-svyratio(numerator=Numerator,denominator=Denominator, design = surveydesign)

   #calcualte confidence intervals

   confidence_int<-confint(ratio_output,  level = 0.95,df =degf(surveydesign))

   #reformat to dataframe

   ratio_output<-data.frame(matrix(unlist(ratio_output),nrow=1, byrow=T),stringsAsFactors = FALSE)

   confidence_int<-data.frame(matrix(unlist(confidence_int),nrow=1, byrow=T),stringsAsFactors = FALSE)

   #We sqare root to get back to the standard error

   ratio_output$X2<-sqrt(as.numeric(as.character(ratio_output$X2)))

   #summarise as 1 dataframe

   output<-data.frame(cbind(ratio_output$X1, confidence_int, ratio_output$X2),stringsAsFactors = FALSE)

   numerator_type<-strsplit(Numerator_input,"_")[[1]][1]

   names(output)<-c(paste0(numerator_type,"_prop"),paste0(numerator_type,"_prop_lower"),

                    paste0(numerator_type,"_prop_upper"),paste0(numerator_type,"_SE"))

   output$population<-strsplit(Numerator_input,"_")[[1]][2]

   output$Quarter<-dataset_name

   return(output)

 }

 #graduates

 grad_emp<-ratio_and_confidence_int("Emp_Grad","Grad")

 grad_HSemp<-ratio_and_confidence_int("HSEmp_Grad","Grad")

 grad_Unemp<-ratio_and_confidence_int("Unemp_Grad","Act_Grad")

 list<-list(grad_emp, grad_HSemp, grad_Unemp)

 grad<-Reduce(function(x, y) merge(x, y, all.x=T,  

                                   by=c("population","Quarter")), list, accumulate=F)

 #postgraduates

 PostGrad_emp<-ratio_and_confidence_int("Emp_PostGrad","PostGrad")

 PostGrad_HSemp<-ratio_and_confidence_int("HSEmp_PostGrad","PostGrad")

 PostGrad_Unemp<-ratio_and_confidence_int("Unemp_PostGrad","Act_PostGrad")

 list<-list(PostGrad_emp, PostGrad_HSemp, PostGrad_Unemp)

 PostGrad<-Reduce(function(x, y) merge(x, y, all.x=T,  

                                       by=c("population","Quarter")), list, accumulate=F)

 #Non graduates

 NonGrad_emp<-ratio_and_confidence_int("Emp_NonGrad","NonGrad")

 NonGrad_HSemp<-ratio_and_confidence_int("HSEmp_NonGrad","NonGrad")

 NonGrad_Unemp<-ratio_and_confidence_int("Unemp_NonGrad","Act_NonGrad")

 list<-list(NonGrad_emp, NonGrad_HSemp, NonGrad_Unemp)

 NonGrad<-Reduce(function(x, y) merge(x, y, all.x=T,  

                                      by=c("population","Quarter")), list, accumulate=F)

 ratios<-rbind(grad,PostGrad,NonGrad)

 #rename to keep in sync with Graduate_Types

 ratios$population[ratios$population=="Grad"]<-"Graduate"

 ratios$population[ratios$population=="NonGrad"]<-"Non Grad"

 #Also want the sample and population sizes  

 dataset %>%

   group_by(ILODEFR,Graduate_Type)%>%  

   summarise(count=n(),weighted_pop=sum(!!sym(weight))) %>%  

   gather(variable, value, -(Graduate_Type:ILODEFR)) %>%

   unite(temp, ILODEFR, variable) %>%

   spread(temp, value)->samples

 dataset[which(dataset$SOCHE=="High Skilled Employment" & dataset$ILODEFR=="In employment"),] %>%

   group_by(Graduate_Type)%>%  

   summarise(HS_emp_count=n(),HS_emp_weighted_pop=sum(!!sym(weight))) ->sample2

 samples<-merge(x=samples, y=sample2, by=("Graduate_Type"))

 colnames(samples)[colnames(samples)=="Graduate_Type"]<-"population"

 ratios<-merge(x=ratios, y=samples, by=c("population"), all.x=TRUE)

 return(ratios)

}

#Find confidence intervals from start year to end year

output<-lapply(start_year:end_year, function(y){lapply(1:4,function(x)confidence_intervals(x,y,FALSE))})

#store as dataframe

output2<-Reduce(rbind,lapply(1:length(output),function(x)Reduce(rbind, output[[x]])))

output2$year<-substring(output2$Quarter,4,7)

output2$Quarter<-substring(output2$Quarter,2,2)

output2<-output2[c("population","year",names(output2)[2:22])]

#sort by population and quarter

output3<-output2[with(output2, order(population, year, Quarter)), ]

output3$age<-"16-64"

#repeat for young_graduates

#Find confidence intervals from start year to end year

output<-lapply(start_year:end_year, function(y){lapply(1:4,function(x)confidence_intervals(x,y,TRUE))})

#store as dataframe

output2<-Reduce(rbind,lapply(1:length(output),function(x)Reduce(rbind, output[[x]])))

output2$year<-substring(output2$Quarter,4,7)

output2$Quarter<-substring(output2$Quarter,2,2)

output2<-output2[c("population","year",names(output2)[2:22])]

#sort by population and quarter

output4<-output2[with(output2, order(population, year, Quarter)), ]

output4$age<-"21-30"

output5<-rbind(output3,output4)

write.csv(output5,paste0("Outputs for GLMS/Emp_confidence_Intervals.csv"))

#######################################################

#           1. Import data                            #

#######################################################

start_year=2006 #Which year do you want to use LFS data from?

end_year=2018 #Which year do you want the LFS data up to?

#### OPTIONAL STEP###

#Convert all LFS data from Q1 of the start year to Q4 of the end year into R data format

#sapply(start_year:end_year, function(y)sapply(1:4,function(x)readLFS(x,y)))

#####################

#After Import/If you have the .rds files already run

 sapply(start_year:end_year, function(y)sapply(1:4, function(x) read_LFS_from_project(x,y)))

#####################

#Older versions of HIQUAL15 don't have value labels,just numbers but we can use the value labels  

#of Q1_2016 to recode the numbers as text strings

library(data.table)

HIQUAL15<-seq(1:85)

HIQUAL15_values<-levels(Q1_2016$HIQUAL15)

HIQUAL15_ref<-tibble(HIQUAL15_values,HIQUAL15)

Q1_2015<-left_join(Q1_2015,HIQUAL15_ref,by="HIQUAL15")

Q1_2015<-Q1_2015%>%select(-HIQUAL15)

setnames(Q1_2015,"HIQUAL15_values","HIQUAL15")  

#####################

#Recode the LFS variables to those used in the publication

sapply(start_year:end_year, function(y)sapply(1:4, function(x) recode_variables(x,y)))

#Output employment rates

#Note be careful with the weights for this function.

#This outputs the proprotion in employment for each quarter. In Excel this needs to be combined to give the mean proportion in employment for the year.

#This reduces seasonality in the data

sapply(start_year:end_year, function(y)sapply(1:4, function(x) Employment_rate(x,y)))

#####################

#Create headline stats for each year (mean average of rates in each quarter)

sapply(start_year:end_year,function(x)year_average_employment_rate(x))

list<-lapply(start_year:end_year,function(x)get(paste0("Headline_",x)))

Yearly_employment<-Reduce(rbind,list)

write.csv(Yearly_employment,"Outputs for GLMS/Headline_employment_rates.csv")

#Create the graduate breakdown for the latest year

Graduate_breakdown_year(end_year)

#####################

#Output weekly salaries

#This uses the data for the whole year to output median salaries

sapply(start_year:end_year, function(y)Average_Salaries(y))

list<-lapply(start_year:end_year,function(x)get(paste0("Sal_",x)))

Yearly_salaries<-Reduce(rbind,list)

write.csv(Yearly_salaries,"Outputs for GLMS/Yearly_salaries.csv")

#And salaries for the graduate breakdowns

Graduate_breakdown_salaries(end_year)

#####################

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