Data used to track graduates
This publication uses data from the Longitudinal Education Outcomes (LEO) dataset, which links information about students, including:
- Personal characteristics such as sex, ethnic group and age
- Education, including which schools, colleges and higher education providers graduates attended, the subjects they studied, and qualifications achieved
- Employment and earnings
- Benefits claimed
By combining this information, we can track the progress of graduates as they enter the labour market. Additional information about the LEO dataset is provided in the accompanying methodology note, including explanations about the quality of the data and match rates.
The LEO dataset is generated each year using the latest available data. This means that each annual LEO dataset includes not only an additional year of data, but also some revisions to previous years as a result of changes in the latest available data. When comparisons are made in this publication between earnings and employment outcomes in 2022-23 and previous years, we compare the most recently revised figures that are in this latest release, rather than previously published figures.
Coverage
This publication includes those who graduated with a first degree qualification from HE providers and FE providers in Great Britain and are UK domiciled.
Years after graduation (YAG)
The time periods used in this publication are one, three and five years after graduation, which refer to the first, third and fifth full tax years after graduation. So, for the 2022/23 tax year, we present outcomes for those who graduated in the academic years 2020/21, 2018/19 and 2016/17. Because academic and tax years run between different months, it isn't possible to use exact numbers of years after graduation. We do not include outcomes ten years after graduation because prior attainment data is unavailable for the cohort with outcomes data ten years after graduation.
Employment outcomes for UK domiciled graduates
Graduates are grouped by their employment outcomes into the following categories:
- Sustained employment, further study or both - this category is broken down into three smaller categories:
- Sustained employment only - graduates who have a record of sustained employment but no record of further study.
- Sustained employment with or without further study - graduates with a record of sustained employment, regardless of whether they also have a record of further study or not.
- Further study with or without sustained employment - graduates with a further study record regardless of whether they have a record of sustained employment or not. This category is equivalent to the difference between the ‘sustained employment, further study or both’ and ‘sustained employment only’ categories.
- No sustained destination - graduates who have an employment or out-of-work benefits record in the tax year of interest but were not classified as being in ‘sustained employment’ and do not have a further study record.
- Activity not captured - graduates who have been successfully matched to DWP’s CIS but for whom there are no records of employment, out-of-work benefits or further study during the tax year of interest. It's likely that a high proportion of graduates whose activity is not captured were living abroad during this tax year.
Further information about how we categorise employment outcomes is provided in the ‘Employment Outcomes’ section of the methodology.
Note that the outcomes presented in this release are ‘raw’ outcomes. There are numerous factors that can influence employment and earnings outcomes of graduates apart from getting a degree. The raw outcomes presented in this release do not control for differences in the characteristics or experiences of students that might influence outcomes, and this should be borne in mind when drawing any conclusions. For example, some subjects may tend to have students with higher prior academic attainment, which in itself can influence employment and earnings outcomes, but the data on outcomes by subject in this release would not account for this.