Data set from Key stage 4 performance

Key stage 4 accountability metrics in all state-funded schools by pupil characteristics and geography summary

Latest data

API data set version 1.0.2

Published 23 April 2026

Last updated 4 August 2026

National, regional, and local authority level accountability metrics to benchmark school and college performance tables data.

Get email alerts

---

On this page

Data set details

• Theme: School and college outcomes and performance
• Publication: Key stage 4 performance
• API data set ID: 19e39901-560d-f972-b6f3-dd085539c095; How do I use this ID?
• Release: Academic year 2024/25
• Number of rows: 18,044
• Geographic levels: Local authority, National, Regional
• Indicators:
  • Average Attainment 8 score
  • Average EBacc APS score
  • Average Progress 8 score
• Filters:
  • Pupil characteristic
• Time period: 2018/19 to 2024/25

---

Data set preview

Table showing first 5 rows, from underlying data

time_period	time_identifier	geographic_level	country_code	country_name	region_code	region_name	old_la_code	new_la_code	la_name	version	establishment_type_group	breakdown_topic	breakdown	school_count	pupil_count	pupil_percent	attainment8_sum	attainment8_average	engmath_entering_total	engmath_entering_percent	engmath_95_total	engmath_95_percent	engmath_94_total	engmath_94_percent	ebacc_entering_total	ebacc_entering_percent	ebacc_95_total	ebacc_95_percent	ebacc_94_total	ebacc_94_percent	ebacc_aps_sum	ebacc_aps_average	progress8_pupil_count	progress8_sum	progress8_average	progress8_lower_95_ci	progress8_upper_95_ci	progress8eng_sum	progress8eng_average	progress8eng_lower_95_ci	progress8eng_upper_95_ci	progress8mat_sum	progress8mat_average	progress8mat_lower_95_ci	progress8mat_upper_95_ci	progress8ebacc_sum	progress8ebacc_average	progress8ebacc_lower_95_ci	progress8ebacc_upper_95_ci	progress8open_sum	progress8open_average	progress8open_lower_95_ci	progress8open_upper_95_ci	gcse_91_total	gcse_91_percent	ebacceng_entering_total	ebacceng_entering_percent	ebaccmat_entering_total	ebaccmat_entering_percent	ebaccsci_entering_total	ebaccsci_entering_percent	ebacchum_entering_total	ebacchum_entering_percent	ebacclan_entering_total	ebacclan_entering_percent	ebacceng_95_total	ebacceng_95_percent	ebaccmat_95_total	ebaccmat_95_percent	ebaccsci_95_total	ebaccsci_95_percent	ebacchum_95_total	ebacchum_95_percent	ebacclan_95_total	ebacclan_95_percent	ebacceng_94_total	ebacceng_94_percent	ebaccmat_94_total	ebaccmat_94_percent	ebaccsci_94_total	ebaccsci_94_percent	ebacchum_94_total	ebacchum_94_percent	ebacclan_94_total	ebacclan_94_percent	attainment8eng_sum	attainment8eng_average	attainment8mat_sum	attainment8mat_average	attainment8ebacc_sum	attainment8ebacc_average	attainment8open_sum	attainment8open_average	attainment8open_gcse_sum	attainment8open_gcse_average	attainment8open_nongcse_sum	attainment8open_nongcse_average	attainment8ebacc_slotfill_total	attainment8ebacc_slotfill_average	attainment8open_slotfill_total	attainment8open_slotfill_average	sci_triple_entering_total	sci_triple_entering_percent	lan_multiple_entering_total	lan_multiple_entering_percent	ebacceng_91_total	ebacceng_91_percent	ebaccmat_91_total	ebaccmat_91_percent	ebaccsci_91_total	ebaccsci_91_percent	ebacchum_91_total	ebacchum_91_percent	ebacclan_91_total	ebacclan_91_percent	ebacc_91_total	ebacc_91_percent	gcse_five_engmath_total	gcse_five_engmath_percent	progress8_pupil_percent	progress8_adjusted_total	progress8_adjusted_percent	progress8original_sum	progress8original_average	progress8original_lower_95_ci	progress8original_upper_95_ci	valueaddedsci_pupil_count	valueaddedsci_pupil_percent	valueaddedsci_sum	valueaddedsci_average	valueaddedsci_lower_95_ci	valueaddedsci_upper_95_ci	valueaddedhum_pupil_count	valueaddedhum_pupil_percent	valueaddedhum_sum	valueaddedhum_average	valueaddedhum_lower_95_ci	valueaddedhum_upper_95_ci	valueaddedlan_pupil_count	valueaddedlan_pupil_percent	valueaddedlan_sum	valueaddedlan_average	valueaddedlan_lower_95_ci	valueaddedlan_upper_95_ci	qual_entries_sum	qual_entries_average	gcse_entries_sum	gcse_entries_average	qual_entries_without_discounting_sum	qual_entries_without_discounting_average
202425	Academic year	National	E92000001	England						Final	All state-funded	Total	Total	4104	625647	100	28812554.05	46.1	600185	95.9	284316	45.4	405700	64.8	253448	40.5	116967	18.7	161331	25.8	2556019.55	4.09	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	603533	96.5	585646	93.6	602320	96.3	588875	94.1	507722	81.2	287253	45.9	377963	60.4	320389	51.2	282266	47.9	260584	51.3	174249	60.7	464721	74.3	436732	69.8	387502	65.8	322221	63.5	209919	73.1	6160066	9.8	5698661.32	9.1	8422344.14	13.5	8531482.59	13.6	7184111.34	11.5	1347371.25	2.2	1705015	2.7	1711916	2.7	145726	23.3	21479	3.4	581855	93	591208	94.5	578271	98.2	492667	97	283211	98.6	246821	39.5	376292	60.1	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	4901634.49	7.8	4525083	7.2	4942243	7.9
202425	Academic year	National	E92000001	England						Final	All state-funded	Sex	Boys	3892	320697	51.3	14132790.91	44.1	305011	95.1	140928	43.9	201854	62.9	117735	36.7	50519	15.8	70589	22	1259504.47	3.93	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	306847	95.7	296579	92.5	306451	95.6	299084	93.3	257966	80.4	132336	41.3	174199	54.3	167371	52.2	141666	47.4	125253	48.6	73735	55.7	222378	69.3	225292	70.3	194915	65.2	157697	61.1	90849	68.7	2942290	9.2	2954815.04	9.2	4196004.14	13.1	4039681.73	12.6	3388259.98	10.6	651421.75	2	862571	2.7	862931	2.7	75491	23.5	9076	2.8	293746	91.6	300801	93.8	292952	97.9	248328	96.3	130119	98.3	114206	35.6	183260	57.1	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	2485512.91	7.8	2286160	7.1	2506360	7.8
202425	Academic year	National	E92000001	England						Final	All state-funded	Sex	Girls	3853	304950	48.7	14679763.14	48.1	295174	96.8	143388	47	203846	66.8	135713	44.5	66448	21.8	90742	29.8	1296515.08	4.25	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	296686	97.3	289067	94.8	295869	97	289791	95	249756	81.9	154917	50.8	203764	66.8	153018	50.2	140600	48.5	135331	54.2	100514	64.9	242343	79.5	211440	69.3	192587	66.5	164524	65.9	119070	76.9	3217776	10.6	2743846.28	9	4226340	13.9	4491800.86	14.7	3795851.36	12.4	695949.5	2.3	842444	2.8	848985	2.8	70235	23	12403	4.1	288109	94.5	290407	95.2	285319	98.5	244339	97.8	153092	98.8	132615	43.5	193032	63.3	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	2416121.58	7.9	2238923	7.3	2435883	8
202425	Academic year	National	E92000001	England						Final	All state-funded	SEN provision	All SEN provision	4097	116590	18.6	3288390.63	28.2	97195	83.4	21098	18.1	36841	31.6	19030	16.3	5437	4.7	8269	7.1	275632.24	2.36	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	99576	85.4	89433	76.7	98501	84.5	90701	77.8	68464	58.7	23133	19.8	33548	28.8	27091	23.2	22350	24.6	19718	28.8	10036	43.4	48676	41.7	44230	37.9	36334	40.1	27257	39.8	12834	55.5	736284	6.3	658332.5	5.6	920517	7.9	973257.13	8.3	779125.13	6.7	194132	1.7	247383	2.1	250267	2.1	10851	9.3	1208	1	87686	75.2	92519	79.4	86808	95.7	63524	92.8	22597	97.7	18061	15.5	31552	27.1	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	710717.58	6.1	642465	5.5	726251	6.2
202425	Academic year	National	E92000001	England						Final	All state-funded	SEN provision	Education, health and care plan	3944	34297	5.5	508007.75	14.8	18418	53.7	2594	7.6	4846	14.1	1735	5.1	494	1.4	767	2.2	40981.63	1.19	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	20557	59.9	14847	43.3	19363	56.5	15736	45.9	9668	28.2	2359	6.9	4232	12.3	3751	10.9	2997	19	2365	24.5	1068	45.3	6428	18.7	6482	18.9	5048	32.1	3364	34.8	1349	57.2	114932	3.4	108185.5	3.2	139363.5	4.1	145526.75	4.2	115696	3.4	29830.75	0.9	41550	1.2	41866	1.2	1312	3.8	114	0.3	14408	42	17434	50.8	14956	95	8930	92.4	2320	98.3	1653	4.8	3834	11.2	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	120723.74	3.5	109380	3.2	125494	3.7

---

Variables in this data set

Table showing first 5 of 138 variables

Variable name	Variable description
attainment8_average	Average Attainment 8 score
attainment8_sum	Sum of Attainment 8 scores
attainment8ebacc_average	Average Attainment 8 score for EBacc element
attainment8ebacc_slotfill_average	Average number of EBacc slots filled for Attainment 8
attainment8ebacc_slotfill_total	Total number of EBacc slots filled for Attainment 8

---

Footnotes

1. Local authority, region, parliamentary constituency figures cover achievements in state-funded schools only. They do not include pupils recently arrived from overseas and so will not match with state-funded figures in the national tables.
2. Sub totals for EAL and SEN breakdowns may not sum to the grand total due to a small number of pupils with missing information.
3. Unclassified includes pupils for whom the information was not obtained, refused or could not be determined.
4. Progress 8 is not being published in 2024/25  as KS4 pupils in this year do not have KS2 assessments due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Progress 8 was also not published in 2020 or 2021 because of the COVID-19 pandemic.
5. A Progress 8 score of 1.0 means pupils make on average a grade more progress than the national average of pupils with similar KS2 prior attainment in mainstream schools. Progress 8 should be interpreted alongside the associated confidence intervals. If the confidence intervals cross 0, then progress is not significantly different compared to pupils with similar KS2 prior attainment in mainstream schools.

---

Using this data

• Download the underlying data as a compressed ZIP file

• View or create your own tables

  View tables that we have built for you, or create your own tables from open data using our table tool

---

Using the API

• API documentation

  This data set is available via an API, follow the link to get all the information to get started. The documentation provides full guidance and examples on how to make the most from our data sets.

• Building API integrations

  To support building integrations on top of the explore education statistics API, software development kits (SDKs) are provided to streamline common tasks and communication with the API.

API data set details

• API data set name: National characteristics summary data
• API data set ID: 19e39901-560d-f972-b6f3-dd085539c095
• API data set version: 1.0.2

Download data set as CSV

Get familiar with the data. The CSV response will render its categories and column headers in a human-readable format (instead of machine-readable IDs).

Guidance: Download data set as CSV

Data set metadata

Look up human-readable labels and their corresponding machine-readable IDs to help you create data set queries.

Guidance: Get data set metadata

Query data set using GET

Quickly test the machine-readable IDs in a range of basic queries.

Guidance: Query data set (GET)

Query data set using POST

The POST endpoint is recommended for production level pipeline queries. POST requires a query to be built and supplied in JSON format using third party software such as Postman and Insomnia or programming languages such as Python, R, etc.

Guidance: Query data set (POST)

Get data set summary

Guidance: Get data set summary

---

API data set version history

API data set updates come in 3 forms: Major, Minor and Patch.

• Major update (e.g. 1.x.x to 2.0.0): a breaking change meaning the removal of columns or rows from the data set.
• Minor update (e.g. 1.1.x to 1.2.0): non-breaking changes made as part of a new release (likely with new / additional data).
• Patch update (e.g. 1.1.0 to 1.1.1): a non-breaking change made as part of a release amendment (e.g. data corrections).

More detailed information on versioning can be found in our Versioning - Explore education statistics API.

---

API data set changelog

Patch changes for version 1.0.2

This version introduces patch changes that are unlikely to affect consumers of the previous version. You may wish to check the list of changes below before upgrading.

Updated filters

• Pupil characteristic group (id: eWguS, column: breakdown_topic):
  • label changed to: Pupil characteristic topic

Changes to Pupil characteristic filter options

Updated

• All mixed / multiple ethnic groups (id: NSvDC):
  • label changed to: All Mixed / Multiple ethnic groups
• Any other Black background (id: O4RCL):
  • label changed to: Any other Black / African / Caribbean background
• Any other mixed / multiple ethnic background (id: 7hLXo):
  • label changed to: Any other Mixed / Multiple ethnic background
• Down Syndrome (id: CU3Id):
  • label changed to: Down syndrome

New

• High prior attainment (id: hMdWy)
• Low prior attainment (id: mcvk9)
• Mid prior attainment (id: gv6XO)
• Mobile (id: AF17G)
• Non mobile (id: VRBo5)

New Pupil characteristic topic filter options

• Mobility (id: PLHke)
• Prior attainment (id: 1AaEi)

New geographic level options

• Local authority (code: LA)
• Regional (code: REG)

Changes to indicators

Updated

• Sum of Attainment 8 scores (id: g4qO9, column: attainment8_sum):

New

• Average Attainment 8 score for EBacc element (id: 0e0HT)
• Average Attainment 8 score for English element (id: WcWm2)
• Average Attainment 8 score for maths element (id: EAEiq)
• Average Attainment 8 score for open element (id: QtQMw)
• Average Attainment 8 score for open element - GCSE only (id: 9R904)
• Average Attainment 8 score for open element - non-GCSE only (id: 232kl)
• Average EBacc humanities value added score (id: NwN1D)
• Average EBacc languages value added score (id: wEwNb)
• Average EBacc science value added score (id: o4oem)
• Average number of EBacc slots filled for Attainment 8 (id: 9R9m4)
• Average number of entries without discounting (id: dPdd0)
• Average number of GCSE entries (id: O7IIC)
• Average number of KS4 entries (id: 7HfYX)
• Average number of open slots filled for Attainment 8 (id: pdVdS)
• Average Progress 8 score for EBacc element (id: iDrw6)
• Average Progress 8 score for English element (id: Lc2ZW)
• Average Progress 8 score for maths element (id: 6QNEr)
• Average Progress 8 score for open element (id: 0uPUT)
• Average unadjusted Progress 8 score (id: HvFdz)
• EBacc humanities lower 95% confidence interval (id: CXBvI)
• EBacc humanities upper 95% confidence interval (id: YJz0H)
• EBacc languages lower 95% confidence interval (id: qgAHj)
• EBacc languages upper 95% confidence interval (id: alWiL)
• EBacc science lower 95% confidence interval (id: BYXd7)
• EBacc science upper 95% confidence interval (id: znJmF)
• Number of pupils achieving 5+ level 2 passes including English and maths (id: kLyih)
• Number of pupils achieving any passes at GCSE or equivalent (id: u4mZo)
• Number of pupils achieving grades 1 or above in the Ebacc (id: XzYof)
• Number of pupils achieving grades 1 or above in the EBacc English pillar (id: Toe8P)
• Number of pupils achieving grades 1 or above in the EBacc humanities pillar (id: cs8A3)
• Number of pupils achieving grades 1 or above in the EBacc language pillar (id: 5P03d)
• Number of pupils achieving grades 1 or above in the EBacc maths pillar (id: tAqVE)
• Number of pupils achieving grades 1 or above in the EBacc science pillar (id: fFHkY)
• Number of pupils achieving grades 4 or above in the EBacc English pillar (id: ToeiP)
• Number of pupils achieving grades 4 or above in the EBacc humanities pillar (id: hWaAy)
• Number of pupils achieving grades 4 or above in the EBacc language pillar (id: mR4b9)
• Number of pupils achieving grades 4 or above in the EBacc maths pillar (id: gBCRO)
• Number of pupils achieving grades 4 or above in the EBacc science pillar (id: ACgUG)
• Number of pupils achieving grades 5 or above in the EBacc English pillar (id: 1N6di)
• Number of pupils achieving grades 5 or above in the EBacc humanities pillar (id: deTw0)
• Number of pupils achieving grades 5 or above in the EBacc language pillar (id: u4mAo)
• Number of pupils achieving grades 5 or above in the EBacc maths pillar (id: lZ3vc)
• Number of pupils achieving grades 5 or above in the EBacc science pillar (id: Uyk7R)
• Number of pupils entering biology, chemistry, and physics (id: rwD4N)
• Number of pupils entering more than one modern foreign language (id: 3xZ08)
• Number of pupils entering the EBacc English pillar (id: y2Lpa)
• Number of pupils entering the EBacc humanities pillar (id: Rahvk)
• Number of pupils entering the EBacc languge pillar (id: bjEct)
• Number of pupils entering the EBacc maths pillar (id: Dtw2Q)
• Number of pupils entering the EBacc science pillar (id: e9oHu)
• Number of pupils included in EBacc humanities value added measure (id: 5P07d)
• Number of pupils included in EBacc languages value added measure (id: 4hRSU)
• Number of pupils included in EBacc science value added measure (id: mR4p9)
• Number of pupils with an adjusted Progress 8 score (id: W3l92)
• Percentage of pupils achieving 5+ level 2 passes including English and maths (id: QEbKw)
• Percentage of pupils achieving any passes at GCSE or equivalent (id: 9kUT4)
• Percentage of pupils achieving grades 1 or above in the Ebacc (id: 28chl)
• Percentage of pupils achieving grades 1 or above in the Ebacc English pillar (id: Pmu5e)
• Percentage of pupils achieving grades 1 or above in the Ebacc humanities pillar (id: NbQiD)
• Percentage of pupils achieving grades 1 or above in the Ebacc language pillar (id: wqtDb)
• Percentage of pupils achieving grades 1 or above in the Ebacc maths pillar (id: oU9um)
• Percentage of pupils achieving grades 1 or above in the Ebacc science pillar (id: 9kU94)
• Percentage of pupils achieving grades 4 or above in the Ebacc English pillar (id: 7HYHX)
• Percentage of pupils achieving grades 4 or above in the Ebacc humanities pillar (id: pd50S)
• Percentage of pupils achieving grades 4 or above in the Ebacc language pillar (id: IfXHB)
• Percentage of pupils achieving grades 4 or above in the Ebacc maths pillar (id: iDNb6)
• Percentage of pupils achieving grades 4 or above in the Ebacc science pillar (id: LclsW)
• Percentage of pupils achieving grades 5 or above in the Ebacc English pillar (id: HvJ0z)
• Percentage of pupils achieving grades 5 or above in the Ebacc humanities pillar (id: CX7nI)
• Percentage of pupils achieving grades 5 or above in the Ebacc language pillar (id: YJFTH)
• Percentage of pupils achieving grades 5 or above in the Ebacc maths pillar (id: qgGzj)
• Percentage of pupils achieving grades 5 or above in the Ebacc science pillar (id: al26L)
• Percentage of pupils at the end of KS4 (id: BYf07)
• Percentage of pupils entering biology, chemistry, and physics (id: znv9F)
• Percentage of pupils entering more than one modern foreign language (id: u49so)
• Percentage of pupils entering the EBacc English pillar (id: TouZP)
• Percentage of pupils entering the EBacc humanities pillar (id: csZG3)
• Percentage of pupils entering the EBacc language pillar (id: 5PT8d)
• Percentage of pupils entering the EBacc maths pillar (id: tAj5E)
• Percentage of pupils entering the EBacc science pillar (id: fFzhY)
• Percentage of pupils included in EBacc humanities value added measure (id: jOgeA)
• Percentage of pupils included in EBacc languages value added measure (id: e9mru)
• Percentage of pupils included in EBacc science value added measure (id: Tou6P)
• Percentage of pupils included in Progress 8 measure (id: hWLGy)
• Percentage of pupils with an adjusted Progress 8 score (id: mRUt9)
• Progress 8 lower 95% confidence interval for EBacc element (id: ACORG)
• Progress 8 lower 95% confidence interval for English element (id: VT0r5)
• Progress 8 lower 95% confidence interval for maths element (id: Pmote)
• Progress 8 lower 95% confidence interval for open element (id: 1Nr0i)
• Progress 8 upper 95% confidence interval for EBacc element (id: u49Go)
• Progress 8 upper 95% confidence interval for English element (id: lZ8nc)
• Progress 8 upper 95% confidence interval for maths element (id: UyhXR)
• Progress 8 upper 95% confidence interval for open element (id: oU4Im)
• Sum of Attainment 8 scores for EBacc element (id: GIC8g)
• Sum of Attainment 8 scores for English element (id: 3xsT8)
• Sum of Attainment 8 scores for maths element (id: S0dAV)
• Sum of Attainment 8 scores for open element (id: y2WSa)
• Sum of Attainment 8 scores for open element - GCSE only (id: Raynk)
• Sum of Attainment 8 scores for open element - non-GCSE only (id: bjq3t)
• Sum of EBacc humanities value added scores (id: e9mzu)
• Sum of EBacc languages value added scores (id: 5PTXd)
• Sum of EBacc science value added scores (id: 4hkVU)
• Sum of Progress 8 scores for EBacc element (id: 0ueFT)
• Sum of Progress 8 scores for English element (id: W3c42)
• Sum of Progress 8 scores for maths element (id: EGArq)
• Sum of Progress 8 scores for open element (id: QEt1w)
• Sum of unadjusted Progress 8 scores (id: 9kRP4)
• Total number of EBacc slots filled for Attainment 8 (id: 283yl)
• Total number of entries without discounting (id: Pmode)
• Total number of GCSE entries (id: Nbw6D)
• Total number of KS4 entries (id: wqEQb)
• Total number of open slots filled for Attainment 8 (id: oU4om)
• Unadjusted Progress 8 lower 95% confidence interval (id: 9kkU4)
• Unadjusted Progress 8 upper 95% confidence interval (id: deeP0)

New location groups

• Local authority (code: LA)
• Regional (code: REG)

---

Patch changes for version 1.0.1

This version introduces patch changes that are unlikely to affect consumers of the previous version. You may wish to check the list of changes below before upgrading.

New filters

• Pupil characteristic group (id: eWguS, column: breakdown_topic)

Changes to Pupil characteristic filter options

Updated

• All black / African / Caribbean / black British (id: P6Meb):
  • label changed to: All Black / African / Caribbean / Black British
• All white (id: 9ww4v):
  • label changed to: All White
• Any other black background (id: O4RCL):
  • label changed to: Any other Black background
• Any other white background (id: pZKSo):
  • label changed to: Any other White background
• English (id: qeWjG):
  • label changed to: Known or believed to be English
• Other than English (id: mQ09K):
  • label changed to: Known or believed to be other than English
• White and black African (id: SxoVx):
  • label changed to: White and Black African
• White and black Caribbean (id: yGsaB):
  • label changed to: White and Black Caribbean

New

• Speech, language and communications needs (id: 2iRSl)
• Visual impairment (id: PypCe)

New time periods

• 2018/19 (code: AY)
• 2019/20 (code: AY)
• 2020/21 (code: AY)
• 2021/22 (code: AY)
• 2022/23 (code: AY)
• 2023/24 (code: AY)

---

---

Contact us

If you have a specific enquiry about Key stage 4 accountability metrics in all state-funded schools by pupil characteristics and geography summary statistics and data:

Attainment statistics team

Email: Attainment.STATISTICS@education.gov.uk
Contact name: Liam Hamilton

---